for discovery of H-2 antigens, which codes for major transplantation antigens and the onset of the immune response.

for developing agents which block beta adrenergic and histamine receptors.

for his discoveries concerning the bio-synthesis and processing of insulin which have had profound implications for basic biology and clinical medicine.

for the invention and development of affinity chromatography and its applications to biomedical sciences.

for the biochemical elucidation of lysosomal storage diseases and the resulting contributions to biology, pathology, prenatal diagnosis and therapeutics.

for his introduction of the xenopus oocyte into molecular biology and his demonstration that the nucleus of a differentiated cell and of the egg differ in expression but not in the content of genetic material.

for his demonstration and exploration of the genetic control of the development of body segments by homeotic genes.

for his part in the demonstration that the transforming factor in bacteria is due to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the concomitant discovery that the genetic material is composed of DNA.

for having generated a new field of molecular neurogenetics by his pioneering research on the dissection of the nervous system and behavior by gene mutations.

for his discoveries which originated the concept and developed the field of angiogenesis research.

for discovering prions, a new class of pathogens that cause important neurodegenerative disease by inducing changes in protein structure.

for her hypothesis concerning the random inactivation of X-chromosomes in mammals.

for their major discoveries in the field of immunology.

for the elucidation of the organismic, cellular and molecular mechanisms whereby short-term memory is converted to a long-term form.

for the discovery of the ubiquitin system of intracellular protein degradation and the crucial functions of this system in cellular regulation.

for the development of procedures to manipulate mouse ova and embryos, which has enabled transgenesis and its applications in mice.

for their contribution to the development of gene-targeting, enabling elucidation of gene function in mice.

for his discovery that cancer cells including human tumor cells, carry somatically mutated genes-oncogenes that operate to drive their malignant proliferation.

for his seminal contribution to the design and biological application of novel fluorescent and photolabile molecules to analyze and perturb cell signal transduction.

for pioneering signal transduction therapy and for developing tyrosine kinase inhibitors as effective agents against cancer and a range of other diseases.

for the discovery of protein kinases that phosphorylate tyrosine residues in proteins, critical for the regulation of a wide variety of cellular events, including malignant transformation.

for his discovery of protein domains essential for mediating protein-protein interactions in cellular signaling pathways, and the insights this research has provided into cancer.

for groundbreaking cancer research that has led to development of new drugs.

for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) from skin cells (SY) and demonstration that iPS cells can be used to cure genetic disease in a mammal, thus establishing their therapeutic potential (RJ).

for his discovery of the gene super-family encoding nuclear receptors and elucidating the mechanism of action of this class of receptors.

for his discovery of the proteins that control the protein expression mechanism and their operation.

for the discovery of the micro-RNA molecules that play a key role in controlling gene expression in natural processes and disease development.

for major contributions to the understanding of the key antigen-specific molecules, the T cell receptor for antigen and antibodies and how these molecules participate in immune recognition and effector function.

For discovery of phosphoinositide-3 kinases and their roles in physiology and disease

For pioneering studies defining insulin signaling and its alterations in disease

for the identification of Leptin, the hormone responsible for regulating bodyweight and obesity

for revealing the medicine-revolutionizing mechanism of bacterial immunity via RNA-guided genome editing

for deciphering and repurposing the bacterial CRISPR/Cas9 immune system for genome editing

for his fundamental mechanistic discoveries on RNA splicing leading to a world’s first treatment for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)

for discovering a mechanism that destroys mutant mRNA in cells – non-sense mediated mRNA decay (NMD)

for ground-breaking discoveries on RNA processing and its function

for pioneering work in elucidating the mechanisms and therapeutic potential of enteroendocrine hormones