Ìåíþ
Ãëàâíàÿ
Ñëó÷àéíàÿ ñòàòüÿ
Íàñòðîéêè
|
Ðàçìåðû äèíîçàâðîâ ÿâëÿþòñÿ îäíîé èç ñàìûõ èíòåðåñíûõ îñîáåííîñòåé ýòîé ãðóïïû æèâîòíûõ äëÿ ó÷¸íûõ, ÑÌÈ è îáùåñòâåííîñòè. Äèíîçàâðû äåìîíñòðèðóþò íåîáû÷íûå âàðèàöèè â ñâîèõ ãàáàðèòàõ — èõ ìàññà ìîãëà ñîñòàâëÿòü îò 164 ãðàììîâ (Epidexipteryx) äî 70 òîíí (Argentinosaurus)[1][2][3][4].
Òåêóùèå äàííûå ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î òîì, ÷òî ñðåäíèé ðàçìåð äèíîçàâðîâ ìåíÿëñÿ íà ïðîòÿæåíèè âñåãî èõ ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ[5].
Ñîäåðæàíèå
Ðåêîðäíûå ðàçìåðû
Çàâðîïîäû èìåëè ñàìûå áîëüøèå ïàðàìåòðû ñðåäè âñåõ äèíîçàâðîâ. Ãèãàíòñêèå äîèñòîðè÷åñêèå ìëåêîïèòàþùèå, òàêèå êàê Indricotherium è Palaeoloxodon (ñàìûå êðóïíûå íàçåìíûå ìëåêîïèòàþùèå[6]) áûëè íåâåëèêè ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ãèãàíòñêèìè çàóðîïîäàìè. Òîëüêî ñîâðåìåííûå êèòû ìîãóò ñîïåðíè÷àòü â ðàçìåðàõ ñ ýòèìè äèíîçàâðàìè[7].
Îäèí èç ñàìûõ âûñîêèõ è òÿæ¸ëûõ äèíîçàâðîâ, èçâåñòíûõ ïî áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ïîëíûì ñêåëåòàì — Giraffatitan brancai. Åãî îñòàòêè áûëè îáíàðóæåíû â Òàíçàíèè ìåæäó 1907 è 1912 ãîäàìè. Æèâîòíûå äîñòèãàëè 12 ìåòðîâ â âûñîòó, èõ äëèíà ñîñòàâëÿëà 21,8—22,5 ìåòðîâ, à ìàññà 30—60 òîíí[8][9]. Îäèí èç ñàìûõ äëèííûõ äèíîçàâðîâ — Diplodocus hallorum, îáíàðóæåííûé â øòàòå Âàéîìèíã â ÑØÀ è èçíà÷àëüíî îïèñàííûé ïîä íàçâàíèåì ñåéñìîçàâð[10].
Èçâåñòíû è äèíîçàâðû áîëüøèõ ðàçìåðîâ, íî èõ ðåêîíñòðóêöèè îñíîâàíû èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî íà ôðàãìåíòàðíûõ îêàìåíåëîñòÿõ. Îäèí èç ñàìûõ êðóïíûõ èçâåñòíûõ çàâðîïîä — àðãåíòèíîçàâð, äëèíîé äî 39,7 ìåòðîâ[11].
Êðóïíåéøèìè òåðîïîäàìè áûëè êàðõàðîäîíòîçàâð, Giganotosaurus è âñåì èçâåñòíûé òèðàííîçàâð. Ñîâðåìåííûå òåîðèè ïðåäïîëàãàþò, ÷òî ðàçìåð òåëà òåðîïîä íåïðåðûâíî óìåíüøàëñÿ â òå÷åíèå ïîñëåäíèõ 50 ìèëëèîíîâ ëåò èõ ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ, îò 163 êèëîãðàììîâ äî 0,8 êèëîãðàììîâ, òàê êàê îíè â èòîãå ýâîëþöèîíèðîâàëè â ïòèö[12][13].
Sauropodomorpha
Êðóïíåéøèå Sauropodomorpha
Ìåëü÷àéøèå Sauropodomorpha
¹
|
Âèä
|
Äëèíà, ì
|
Ìàññà, êã
|
Èñòî÷íèêè
|
1
|
Agnosphitys cromhallensis
|
0,7
|
—
|
[25]
|
2
|
Pampadromaeus barberenai
|
1,5
|
8,5
|
[25]
|
3
|
Saturnalia tupiniquim
|
1,5
|
10,6
|
[25]
|
4
|
Chromogisaurus novasi
|
1,5
|
13,1
|
[25]
|
5
|
Asylosaurus yalensis
|
2—2,1
|
25
|
[25]
|
6
|
Leyesaurus marayensis
|
2,1
|
—
|
[25]
|
7
|
Adeopapposaurus mognai
|
2,1—3
|
43,9—70
|
[25]
|
8
|
Unaysaurus tolentinoi
|
2,5
|
70
|
[25]
|
Theropoda
Êðóïíåéøèå Theropoda
¹
|
Âèä
|
Äëèíà, ì
|
Ìàññà, ò
|
Èñòî÷íèêè
|
1
|
Spinosaurus aegyptiacus (Sigilmassazaurus brevicollis?)
|
12—14,9
|
4,5—7,6
|
[26][27][28][29]
|
2
|
Tyrannosaurus
|
10,6—13,6
|
8,4—9,5
|
[30][31]
|
3
|
Giganotosaurus
|
12,2—13,2
|
4,6-6,5
|
[29][32][33]
|
4
|
Mapusaurus
|
10—12,2
|
5—6,8
|
[28][34][34][35]
|
5
|
Carcharodontosaurus
|
11—12,0
|
6—7
|
[28][33][36][37][38]
|
6
|
Tyrannotitan chubutensis
|
11—12,3
|
4—5,9
|
[15][16][25]
|
7
|
Acrocanthosaurus
|
9,9—11,9
|
4,5—7,2
|
[28][39][40][41]
|
8
|
Oxalaia quilombensis
|
11—12
|
5—7
|
[25][42]
|
9
|
Chilantaisaurus tashuikouensis
|
11—13
|
2,5—6
|
[16][25][29][43][44]
|
10
|
Áàõàðèÿçàâð
|
9—11,9
|
4—5,5
|
[29]
|
11
|
Saurophaganax maximus
|
10,5—11,3
|
3—4
|
[16][25][45]
|
12
|
Suchomimus tenerensis
|
11—11,5
|
2,7—5,2
|
[25][28][46]
|
13
|
Siats
|
10—12
|
4—5
|
[25][36]
|
14
|
Zhuchengtyrannus magnus
|
10—11,8
|
5-7
|
[29][41]
|
15
|
ßíõóàíîçàâð
|
8—10,8
|
3—5
|
[47][48]
|
Ìåëü÷àéøèå Theropoda
Ornithopoda
Êðóïíåéøèå Ornithopoda
¹
|
Âèä
|
Äëèíà, ì
|
Ìàññà, ò
|
Èñòî÷íèêè
|
1
|
Shantungosaurus giganteus
|
14,7—18,7
|
9,9—22,5
|
[15][16][25][39][55][56][57][58]
|
2
|
Edmontosaurus annectens
|
13—15,2
|
13,2
|
[25][59][60][61][61]
|
3
|
Hypsibema crassicauda
|
15
|
—
|
[25]
|
4
|
Hypsibema missouriensis (Parrosaurus)
|
15
|
—
|
[25]
|
5
|
Iguanodon bernissartensis
|
10—13
|
15,3
|
[15][25][62]
|
6
|
Charonosaurus jiayinensis
|
10—13
|
15
|
[16][63]
|
7
|
Edmontosaurus regalis
|
9—13
|
4—7,6
|
[16][64][65]
|
8
|
Magnapaulia laticaudus
|
12,5
|
12—23
|
[66][67]
|
9
|
Saurolophus angustirostris
|
12
|
6,6—9
|
[16][68]
|
10
|
Ornithotarsus immanis
|
12
|
—
|
[25]
|
Ìåëü÷àéøèå Ornithopoda
¹
|
Âèä
|
Äëèíà, ì
|
Ìàññà, êã
|
Èñòî÷íèêè
|
1
|
Gasparinisaura cincosaltensis
|
0,65—1,7
|
1—13
|
[15][16][25][39][46]
|
2
|
Leaellynasaura amicagraphica
|
0,9—3
|
—
|
[16][25]
|
3
|
Valdosaurus canaliculatus
|
1,3
|
10
|
[16]
|
4
|
Notohypsilophodon comodorensis
|
1,3
|
6
|
[16]
|
5
|
Fulgurotherium australe
|
1,3—2
|
6
|
[16][25]
|
6
|
Siluosaurus zhangqiani
|
1,4
|
7
|
[25]
|
7
|
Qantassaurus intrepidus
|
1,4—2
|
12
|
[16][25]
|
8
|
Changchunsaurus parvus
|
1,5
|
12
|
[16]
|
9
|
Thescelosaurus sp.
|
1,5
|
7,9—8,6
|
[39]
|
10
|
Yandusaurus hongheensis
|
1,5—3,8
|
6,6—7,5
|
[16][25][39]
|
Ceratopsia
Êðóïíåéøèå Ceratopsia
¹
|
Âèä
|
Äëèíà, ì
|
Ìàññà, ò
|
Èñòî÷íèêè
|
1
|
Eotriceratops xerinsularis
|
8,5—9
|
10
|
[16][25]
|
2
|
Triceratops horridus
|
8—9
|
5—13,5
|
[15][16][25][39]
|
3
|
Triceratops prorsus
|
7,9—9
|
9—10,9
|
[15][16][25][69][70]
|
4
|
Torosaurus latus
|
7,6—9
|
3—4
|
[16][25]
|
5
|
Titanoceratops ouranos
|
6,8—9
|
4,7—10,8
|
[25][71]
|
6
|
Ojoceratops fowleri
|
8
|
—
|
[25]
|
7
|
Coahuilaceratops magnacuerna
|
8
|
5
|
[25]
|
8
|
Pentaceratops sternbergii
|
6—8
|
2,5—4,8
|
[16][25][39][72]
|
9
|
Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis
|
6—8
|
3—4,4
|
[16][25]
|
10
|
Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai
|
5—8
|
4
|
[16][25]
|
Ìåëü÷àéøèå Ceratopsia
Pachycephalosauria
Êðóïíåéøèå Pachycephalosauria
Ìåëü÷àéøèå Pachycephalosauria
Thyreophora
Êðóïíåéøèå Thyreophora
¹
|
Âèä
|
Äëèíà, ì
|
Ìàññà, ò
|
Èñòî÷íèêè
|
1
|
Stegosaurus ungulatus
|
7—9
|
3,8—7
|
[15][16][25]
|
2
|
Stegosaurus stenops
|
6,5—9
|
2,6—5,3
|
[16][25]
|
3
|
Ankylosaurus magniventris
|
6,25—9
|
1,7—6
|
[15][16][25][39][79]
|
4
|
Cedarpelta bilbeyhallorum
|
5—9
|
5
|
[16][25][80]
|
5
|
Dacentrurus armatus
|
7—8
|
5—7,4
|
[15][16][25][81]
|
6
|
Tarchia gigantea
|
4,5—8
|
—
|
[16][25]
|
7
|
Sauropelta edwardsorum
|
5—7,6
|
1,5
|
[16][25][39][80][82]
|
8
|
Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus
|
7
|
—
|
[25]
|
9
|
Tuojiangosaurus multispinus
|
6,5—7
|
1,1—4,8
|
[15][16][25][39]
|
10
|
Wuerhosaurus homheni
|
6,1—7
|
4
|
[16][25]
|
Ìåëü÷àéøèå Thyreophora
Ñì. òàêæå
Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ
- 1 2 Paul, Gregory S. (Fall 1994). «Big Sauropods — Really, Really Big Sauropods Àðõèâíàÿ êîïèÿ îò 31 àâãóñòà 2021 íà Wayback Machine». The Dinosaur Report. The Dinosaur Society. pp. 12—13.
- 1 2 Paul, Gregory S. (1997). «Dinosaur models: the good, the bad, and using them to estimate the mass of dinosaurs». in Wolberg, D. L.; Stump, E.; Rosenberg, G. D. DinoFest International Proceedings. The Academy of Natural Sciences. pp. 129—154.
- 1 2 3 4 Carpenter, Kenneth. Biggest of the Big: A Critical Re-Evaluation of the Mega-Sauropod Amphicoelias fragillimus Cope, 1878 // New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. — 2006. Àðõèâèðîâàíî 8 ìàðòà 2016 ãîäà.
- 1 2 Mortimer, Mickey. Titanosaurs too Large? (íåîïð.) Dinosaur Mailing List (12 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2001). Äàòà îáðàùåíèÿ: 13 ÿíâàðÿ 2017. Àðõèâèðîâàíî 3 ìàðòà 2016 ãîäà.
- Sereno P. C. The evolution of dinosaurs (àíãë.) // Science. — 1999. — Vol. 284, no. 5423. — P. 2137—2147. — doi:10.1126/science.284.5423.2137. — PMID 10381873.
- Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans (àíãë.) // Acta Palaeontologica Polonica : journal. — 2015. — Vol. 60. — doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014. Àðõèâèðîâàíî 4 ìàðòà 2016 ãîäà.
- Sander, P. Martin. Biology of the sauropod dinosaurs: the evolution of gigantism (àíãë.) // Biological Reviews : journal. — 2011. — Vol. 86, no. 1. — P. 117—155. — doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00137.x. — PMID 21251189.
- Mazzetta, G.V. Giants and Bizarres: Body Size of Some Southern South American Cretaceous Dinosaurs (àíãë.) // Historical Biology[àíãë.] : journal. — Taylor & Francis, 2004. — Vol. 16. — P. 1—13. — doi:10.1080/08912960410001715132.
- Janensch, W. The Skeleton Reconstruction of Brachiosaurus brancai (àíãë.) : journal. — 1950. — P. 97—103.
- Reappraisal of Seismosaurus, a Late Jurassic Sauropod (àíãë.) // Proceeding, Annual Meeting of the Society of Paleontology. — 2004. — Vol. 36, no. 5.
- 1 2 March of the Titans: The Locomotor Capabilities of Sauropod Dinosaurs (àíãë.) // PLoS ONE : journal. — 2013. — Vol. 8, no. 10. — P. e78733. — doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078733. — . — PMID 24348896.
- Borenstein, Seth (31 èþëÿ 2014). Study traces dinosaur evolution into early birds. AP News. Àðõèâèðîâàíî 8 àâãóñòà 2014. Äàòà îáðàùåíèÿ: 3 àâãóñòà 2014.
-
- How big was Amphicoelias fragillimus? I mean, really? (íåîïð.) Sauropod Vertebra Picture of the Week (19 ôåâðàëÿ 2010). Äàòà îáðàùåíèÿ: 13 ÿíâàðÿ 2017. Àðõèâèðîâàíî 15 ÿíâàðÿ 2017 ãîäà.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Benson, RBJ; Campione, NE; Carrano, MT; Mannion, PD; Sullivan, C ; and others; Evans, David C. et al. Rates of Dinosaur Body Mass Evolution Indicate 170 Million Years of Sustained Ecological Innovation on the Avian Stem Lineage (àíãë.) // PLoS Biol : journal. — 2014. — Vol. 12, no. 5. — P. e1001853. — doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853. — PMID 24802911. — PMC 4011683.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
- Roach, J. Giant Dinosaur Discovered in Argentina (àíãë.) // National Geographic News. — 2006. — 28 èþëü. Àðõèâèðîâàíî 11 àâãóñòà 2006 ãîäà.
- Young, C.C. (1954), On a new sauropod from Yiping, Szechuan, China. sinica, III(4), 481—514.
- Lovelace, David M.; Hartman, Scott A.; Wahl, William R. Morphology of a specimen of Supersaurus (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming, and a re-evaluation of diplodocid phylogeny (àíãë.) // Arquivos do Museu Nacional[ïîðò.] : journal. — 2007. — Vol. 65, no. 4. — P. 527—544.
- Wedel, Mathew J. Sauroposeidon: Oklahoma's Native Giant // Oklahoma Geology Notes. — 2005.
- Wedel, Mathew J.; Cifelli, R. L.; Sanders, R.. K. Osteology, paleobiology, and relationships of the sauropod dinosaur Sauroposeidon (àíãë.) // Acta Palaeontologica Polonica : journal. — 2000. — Vol. 45. — P. 343—388. Àðõèâèðîâàíî 28 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2007 ãîäà.
- Mazzetta, G.V., Christiansen, P., Faria, R.A. 2004. Giants and Bizarres: Body Size of Some Southern South American Cretaceous Dinosaurs. Historical Biology. 16: 71-83.
-
- Wu, Wen-hao; Zhou, Chang-Fu; Wings, Oliver; Toru, Sekiya; Dong, Zhi-ming. A new gigantic sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Shanshan, Xinjiang (àíãë.) // Global Geology : journal. — 2013. — Vol. 32, no. 3. — P. 437—446. — doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-5589.2013.03.002. Àðõèâèðîâàíî 10 íîÿáðÿ 2013 ãîäà.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
- Cristiano Dal Sasso, Simone Maganuco, Eric Buffetaut, Marco A. Mendez. New information on the skull of the enigmatic theropod spinosaurus, with remarks on its size and affinities (àíãë.) // Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. — Society of Vertebrate Paleontology[àíãë.], 2005-12-01. — Vol. 25, iss. 4. — P. 888—896. — ISSN 0272-4634. — doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0888:NIOTSO]2.0.CO;2. Àðõèâèðîâàíî 12 àïðåëÿ 2016 ãîäà.
- Ibrahim, Nizar; Sereno, Paul C.; Dal Sasso, Cristiano; Maganuco, Simone; Fabri, Matteo; Martill, David M.; Zouhri, Samir; Myhrvold, Nathan; Lurino, Dawid A. (2014). «Semiaquatic adaptations in a giant predatory dinosaur». Science. 345 (6204): 1613-1616. doi:10.1126/science.1258750. PMID 25213375. Supplementary Information
- 1 2 3 4 5 Franois Therrien, Donald M. Henderson. My theropod is bigger than yours … or not: estimating body size from skull length in theropods (àíãë.) // Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. — Society of Vertebrate Paleontology[àíãë.], 2007-03-01. — Vol. 27, iss. 1. — P. 108—115. — ISSN 0272-4634. — doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[108:MTIBTY]2.0.CO;2.
- 1 2 3 4 5
- Zanno, L. E.; Makovicky, P. J. (2013). «Neovenatorid theropods are apex predators in the Late Cretaceous of North America». Nature Communications. 4: 2827. Bibcode:2013NatCo…4E2827Z. doi:10.1038/ncomms3827. PMID 24264527.
- Paleontologists identify biggest Tyrannosaurus rex ever discovered (àíãë.). Paleontologists identify biggest Tyrannosaurus rex ever discovered. Äàòà îáðàùåíèÿ: 14 èþëÿ 2020. Àðõèâèðîâàíî 4 àâãóñòà 2020 ãîäà.
- John R. Hutchinson, Karl T. Bates, Julia Molnar, Vivian Allen, Peter J. Makovicky. A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth (àíãë.) // PLOS One. — Public Library of Science, 2011-10-12. — Vol. 6, iss. 10. — ISSN 1932-6203. — doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037. Àðõèâèðîâàíî 9 ìàðòà 2021 ãîäà.
- 1 2
- 1 2 Karl T. Bates, Phillip L. Manning, David Hodgetts, William I. Sellers. Estimating Mass Properties of Dinosaurs Using Laser Imaging and 3D Computer Modelling (àíãë.) // PLOS One. — Public Library of Science, 2009-02-19. — Vol. 4, iss. 2. — ISSN 1932-6203. — doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004532. Àðõèâèðîâàíî 26 ìàÿ 2020 ãîäà.
- Currie, P. J. and K. Carpenter. 2000. A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas 22:207-246.
- 1 2 Coria RA & Currie PJ. 2006. A new carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina Àðõèâíàÿ êîïèÿ îò 2 ôåâðàëÿ 2017 íà Wayback Machine. Geodiversitas: Vol. 28, #1, pp. 71—118
- Coria, R. A. and L. Salgado. 1995. A new giant carnivorous dinosaur from the Cretaceous of Patagonia. Nature 377:224-226.
- Calvo, J. O.; Coria, R. A. (1998). «New specimen of Giganotosaurus carolinii (Coria & Salgado, 1995), supports it as the largest theropod ever found». Gaia. 15: 117—122.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Seebacher, F. A new method to calculate allometric length-mass relationships of dinosaurs (àíãë.) // Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology : journal. — 2001. — Vol. 21, no. 1. — P. 51—60. — ISSN 0272-4634. — doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0051:ANMTCA]2.0.CO;2.
- Sereno, P. C.; Dutheil, D. B.; Iarochene, M.; Larsson, H. C. E.; Lyon, G. H.; Magwene, P. M.; Sidor, C. A.; Varricchio, D. J.; Wilson, J. A. (1996). «Predatory Dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous Faunal Differentiation». Science. 272(5264): 986—991. doi:10.1126/science.272.5264.986. PMID 8662584.
- 1 2 And the Largest Theropod Is.... (íåîïð.) dml.cmnh.org. Äàòà îáðàùåíèÿ: 19 àïðåëÿ 2018. Àðõèâèðîâàíî èç îðèãèíàëà 25 ìàðòà 2010 ãîäà.
- Kellner, Alexander W.A.; Sergio A.K. Azevedeo; Elaine B. Machado; Luciana B. Carvalho; Deise D.R. Henriques. A new dinosaur (Theropoda, Spinosauridae) from the Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Alcntara Formation, Cajual Island, Brazil (àíãë.) // Anais da Academia Brasileira de Cincias : journal. — 2011. — Vol. 83, no. 1. — P. 99—108. — ISSN 0001-3765. — doi:10.1590/S0001-37652011000100006. Àðõèâèðîâàíî 18 àâãóñòà 2017 ãîäà.
- Benson R. B. J., Carrano M. T., Brusatte S. L. A new clade of archaic large-bodied predatory dinosaurs (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) that survived to the latest Mesozoic (àíãë.) // Naturwissenschaften : journal. — 2010. — Vol. 97, iss. 1. — P. 71—78. — ISSN 0028-1042. — doi:10.1007/s00114-009-0614-x. — . — PMID 19826771. Àðõèâèðîâàíî 30 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2023 ãîäà.
- Brusatte, S.L.; Chure, D.J.; Benson, R.B.J.; Xu, X. (2010). «The osteology of Shaochilong maortuensis, a carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Asia» (PDF Àðõèâíàÿ êîïèÿ îò 4 ôåâðàëÿ 2017 íà Wayback Machine). Zootaxa. 2334: 1-46.
-
- 1 2 Nicols E. Campione, David C. Evans, Caleb M. Brown, Matthew T. Carrano (2014). Body mass estimation in non-avian bipeds using a theoretical conversion to quadruped stylopodial proportions. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12226
- A new, large tyrannosaurine theropod from the Upper Cretaceous of China (àíãë.) // Cretaceous Research. — 2011-08-01. — Vol. 32, iss. 4. — P. 495—503. — ISSN 0195-6671. — doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.03.005. Àðõèâèðîâàíî 20 àïðåëÿ 2019 ãîäà.
- David Lambert. A field guide to dinosaurs. — Rev. ed. — Avon Books, 1983. — P. 89. — 256 p. — ISBN 0380835193.
- Naish, D. (2012). Happy 6th Birthday, Tetrapod Zoology (part II) Àðõèâíàÿ êîïèÿ îò 30 ÿíâàðÿ 2012 íà Wayback Machine Tetrapod Zoology, January 25, 2012.
- Naish, D.; Sweetman, S.C. A tiny maniraptoran dinosaur in the Lower Cretaceous Hastings Group: evidence from a new vertebrate-bearing locality in south-east England (àíãë.) // Cretaceous Research : journal. — 2011. — Vol. 32. — P. 464—471. — doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.03.001.
- Zhang, F.; Zhou, Z.; Xu, X.; Wang, X.; Sullivan, C. A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran from China with elongate ribbon-like feathers (àíãë.) // Nature : journal. — 2008. — Vol. 455, no. 7216. — P. 1105—1108. — doi:10.1038/nature07447. — . — PMID 18948955.
- Godefroit, P.; Demuynck, H.; Dyke, G.; Hu, D.; Escuilli, F. O.; Claeys, P. Reduced plumage and flight ability of a new Jurassic paravian theropod from China (àíãë.) // Nature Communications : journal. — Nature Publishing Group, 2013. — Vol. 4. — P. 1394. — doi:10.1038/ncomms2389. — . — PMID 23340434.
- Chatterjee, S., and Templin, R.J. (2007). «Biplane wing planform and flight performance of the feathered dinosaur Microraptor gui.» Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(5): 1576—1580. [1] Àðõèâíàÿ êîïèÿ îò 13 îêòÿáðÿ 2008 íà Wayback Machine
-
- Zhao, X.; Li, D.; Han, G.; Hao, H.; Liu, F.; Li, L.; Fang, X. Zhuchengosaurus maximus from Shandong Province (àíãë.) // Acta Geoscientia Sinica. — 2007. — Vol. 28, no. 2. — P. 111—122. — doi:10.1007/s10114-005-0808-x.
- Zhao Xijin; Wang Kebai; Li Dunjing. Huaxiaosaurus aigahtens (àíãë.) // Geological Bulletin of China. — 2011. — Vol. 30, no. 11. — P. 1671—1688.
-
-
- name=GSP10
- Sues, Hans-Dieter. ornithopods // The Complete Dinosaur (àíãë.) / James Orville Farlow and M. K. Brett-Surman (eds.). — Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997. — P. 338. — ISBN 0-253-33349-0.
- 1 2 Àðõèâèðîâàííàÿ êîïèÿ (íåîïð.). Äàòà îáðàùåíèÿ: 14 ÿíâàðÿ 2017. Àðõèâèðîâàíî 4 ìàðòà 2016 ãîäà.
- Naish, Darren; David M. Martill. Ornithopod dinosaurs // Dinosaurs of the Isle of Wight (àíãë.). — London: The Palaeontological Association, 2001. — P. 60—132. — ISBN 0-901702-72-2.
- Dixon, Dougal. The Complete Book of Dinosaurs (àíãë.). — London: Anness Publishing Ltd., 2006. — P. 216. — ISBN 0-681-37578-7.
- Glut, Donald F.[àíãë.]. Edmontosaurus // Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia (àíãë.). — Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co, 1997. — P. 389—396. — ISBN 0-89950-917-7.
- Lambert, David; the Diagram Group. The Dinosaur Data Book (àíãë.). — New York: Avon Books[àíãë.], 1990. — P. 60. — ISBN 0-380-75896-2.
- Prieto-Mrquez, A.; Chiappe, L. M.; Joshi, S. H. The lambeosaurine dinosaur Magnapaulia laticaudus from the Late Cretaceous of Baja California, Northwestern Mexico (àíãë.) // PLoS ONE : journal / Dodson, Peter. — 2012. — Vol. 7, no. 6. — P. e38207. — doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038207. — . — PMID 22719869. — PMC 3373519.
- Morris, William J. A new species of hadrosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Baja California: ?Lambeosaurus laticaudus (àíãë.) // Journal of Paleontology[àíãë.] : journal. — Paleontological Society[àíãë.], 1981. — Vol. 55, no. 2. — P. 453—462.
- Glut, Donald F.[àíãë.]. Saurolophus // Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia (àíãë.). — Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co, 1997. — P. 788—789. — ISBN 0-89950-917-7.
- T Dinosaurs Page 2 (íåîïð.). DinoDictionary.com. Äàòà îáðàùåíèÿ: 3 àâãóñòà 2010. Àðõèâèðîâàíî èç îðèãèíàëà 11 ìàÿ 2020 ãîäà.
- Triceratops in The Natural History Museum's Dino Directory (íåîïð.). Internt.nhm.ac.uk. Äàòà îáðàùåíèÿ: 3 àâãóñòà 2010. Àðõèâèðîâàíî èç îðèãèíàëà 17 ôåâðàëÿ 2009 ãîäà.
- Lehman, T.M. A Gigantic Skull and Skeleton of the Horned Dinosaur Pentaceratops sternbergi from New Mexico (àíãë.) // Journal of Paleontology[àíãë.] : journal. — Paleontological Society[àíãë.], 1998. — Vol. 72, no. 5. — P. 894—906. — doi:10.1017/s0022336000027220.
- Wiman, C. ber Ceratopsia aus der Oberen Kreide in New Mexico (íåì.) // Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis : magazin. — 1930. — Bd. 7, Nr. 2. — S. 1—19.
- Butler, R.J.; Zhao, Q. The small-bodied ornithischian dinosaurs Micropachycephalosaurus hongtuyanensis and Wannanosaurus yansiensis from the Late Cretaceous of China (àíãë.) // Cretaceous Research : journal. — 2009. — Vol. 30, no. 1. — P. 63—77. — doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.03.002. Àðõèâèðîâàíî 1 àïðåëÿ 2019 ãîäà.
- 1 2 You, Hai-Lu; Tanque, Kyo; Dodson, Peter. A new species of Archaeoceratops (Dinosauria: Neoceratopsia) from the Early Cretaceous of the Mazongshan area, northwestern China // New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium (àíãë.) / Ryan, Michael J.; Chinnery-Allgeier, Brenda J.; and Eberth, David A. (editors.). — Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2010. — P. 59—67. — ISBN 978-0-253-35358-0.
- Farke, Andrew A.; Maxwell, W. Desmond; Cifelli, Richard L.; Wedel, Mathew J. A Ceratopsian Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Western North America, and the Biogeography of Neoceratopsia (àíãë.) // PLoS ONE : journal. — 2014. — 10 December (vol. 9, no. 12). — P. e112055. — doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112055. — . — PMID 25494182. — PMC 4262212.
- Sereno, P.C.2000. "The fossil record, systematics and evolution of pachycephalosaurs and ceratopsians from Asia." The age of dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia:480–516 (àíãë.) : journal.
- Horner, J. R.; and Goodwin, M. B., 2009, «Extreme cranial ontogeny in the Upper Cretaceous dinosaur Pachycephalosaurus», PLoS ONE 4(10): e7626
- ArgusEye. Âàíüíàíîçàâð – Wannanosaurus – Äèíîçàâðû (íåîïð.). dinosaurs.afly.ru. Äàòà îáðàùåíèÿ: 15 ÿíâàðÿ 2017. Àðõèâèðîâàíî 16 ÿíâàðÿ 2017 ãîäà.
- Carpenter, K. Redescription of Ankylosaurus magniventris Brown 1908 (Ankylosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior of North America (àíãë.) // Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences : journal. — 2004. — Vol. 41, no. 8. — P. 961—986. — doi:10.1139/e04-043. — .
- 1 2 Carpenter, Kenneth[àíãë.]; Bartlett, Jeff; Bird, John; Barrick, Reese. Ankylosaurs from the Price River Quarries, Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), east-central Utah (àíãë.) // Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology : journal. — 2008. — Vol. 28, no. 4. — P. 1089—1101. — doi:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1089.
- Galton, Peter M.; Upchurch, Paul, 2004, «Stegosauria» In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmlska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd edition, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 344—345
- Carpenter, Kenneth.[àíãë.]. Skeletal reconstruction and life restoration of Sauropelta (Ankylosauria: Nodosauridae) from the Cretaceous of North America (àíãë.) // Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences : journal. — 1984. — Vol. 21, no. 12. — P. 1491—1498. — doi:10.1139/e84-154. — .
Ññûëêè
|
|