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Ñåìÿåäû, èëè àïèîíèäû[1] (ëàò. Apionidae) — ñåìåéñòâî íàñåêîìûõ èç îòðÿäà æåñòêîêðûëûõ.
Ñîäåðæàíèå
Îïèñàíèå
Äëèíà òåëà 1—5 ìì. Êàê è äðóãèõ äîëãîíîñèêîâ, èõ õàðàêòåðèçóåò ãîëîâîòðóáêà (âûòÿíóòàÿ ïåðåäíÿÿ ÷àñòü ãîëîâû). Ôèòîôàãè, ïèòàþòñÿ ñåìåíàìè, öâåòàìè, ñòåáëÿìè, ëèñòüÿìè è ò. ä. Ðàçìíîæàÿñü â î÷åíü áîëüøèõ êîëè÷åñòâàõ íàíîñÿò óùåðá êðàñíîìó êëåâåðó (Trifolium pratense) è ëþöåðíå (Medicago lupulina). Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, íåêîòîðûå èç ýòèõ æóêîâ ìîãóò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ â áèîëîãè÷åñêîé áîðüáå ñ ñîðíÿêàìè (Ulex europaeus, Urtica dioica)
Ñèñòåìàòèêà
Áîëåå 2000 âèäîâ.  Ðîññèè — 179 âèäîâ (èñòî÷íèê îöåíêè: À. À. Ëåãàëîâ [2002]). Ñåìåéñòâî Apionidae èíîãäà ðàíåå ðàññìàòðèâàþò â ñîñòàâå ñåìåéñòâà Äîëãîòåëû (Brentidae).  2021 ãîäó èç Þæíîé Àôðèêè îïèñàíû òðè áàçàëüíûå òðèáû Apioninae: Rhynchitapiini (Rhynchitapion), Apodytapiini (Apodytapion, Turnerapion) è Lepanomini (Lepanomidius), â äîïîëíåíèå ê áàçàëüíûì Antliarhinini, Tanaini, Mecolenini, Apiomorphini, Setapiini[2].
- Ãðóïïà òðèá «Apioninae»:
- Antliarhinini Schoenherr, 1823
- Apiomorphini Legalov, 2018
- Apionini Schoenherr, 1823
- Aplemonini
- Ðîäà: Aizobius — Aphoplopodapion — Aplemonus — Cistapion — Femtapion — Helianthemapion — Margaritapion — Megapion — Onychapion — Onychapion — Osellaeus — Perapion — Phrissotrichum — Podapion — Pseudaplemonus — Pseudoperapion — Pseudostenapion
- Apodytapiini Wanat, 2021 (Apodytapion Wanat, 2021, A. stepniewskii, Turnerapion Wanat, 2021, T. pondoense)
- Aspidapiini
- Ðîäà: Alocentron — Aspidapion — Miniapion — Pseudaspidapion
- Ceratapiini
- Ðîäà: Acentrotypus — Ceratapion — Diplapion — Omphalapion — Protoceratapion — Taphrotopium
- Cybebini
- Exapiini
- Ðîäà: Allotrichapion — Apionion — Apiotherium — Bothryopteron — Caenapion — Chilapion — Circapion — Cladobius — Cnemopachus — Coelocephalapion — Coelopterapion — Cyrtonapion — Electrapion — Exapion — Falsoconapion — Harpapion — Heterapion — Isexapion — Lepidapion — Meperapion — Mesotylapion — Miltapion — Stenapion — Ulapion
- Ixapiini
- Ðîäà: Ixapion — Neapion — Papuapion — Trichopterapion
- Kalcapiini
- Ðîäà: Afrothymapion — Hypuranius — Kalcapion — Melanapion — Sergiola — Squamapion — Taeniapion
- Lepanomini Wanat, 2021 (Lepanomidius Wanat, 2021, L. ruthmuellerae, òèïîâîé âèä, L. magdaloides)
- Malvapiini
- Ðîäà: Malvapion — Pseudapion — Rhopalapion — Sterculapion
- Mecolenini Wanat, 2001
- Metapiini
- Oxystomatini
- Ïîäòðèáà Catapiina — Catapion
- Ïîäòðèáà Oxystomatina
- Ðîäà: Cyanapion — Eutrichapion — Hemitrichapion — Holotrichapion — Mesotrichapion — Oryxolaemus — Oxystoma — Pirapion — Tatyanapion
- Ïîäòðèáà Synapiina
- Ðîäà: Ischnopterapion — Protopirapion — Stenopterapion — Synapion
- Ïîäòðèáà Trichapiina
- Ðîäà: Betulapion — Kissingeria — Trichapion
- Piezotrachelini
- Ðîäà: Aprotapion — Chrysapion — Conapium — Cosynapion — Euprotapion — Fallapion — Flavopodapion — Fremuthiella — Leaoapion — Microconapion — Paoconapion — Piezaplemonus — Piezotrachelus — Protapion — Pseudoconapion — Pseudopiezotrachelus — Pseudoprotapion — Pseudorhinapion — Rhinapion — Scapapion — Trichoconapion — Vietapion
- Prototrichapiini
- Rhadinocybini
- Ðîäà: Alissapion — Allonotapion — Anapotapion — Apinogrammus — Apionocybus — Apotapion — Archinvolvulus — Brachycybus — Caledonapion — Cecidophyus — Coeliapion — Diapion — Discelapion — Ganoapion — Ganonotapion — Hellerenius — Heterocybus — Himantapion — Ithyocybus — Kelainapion — Lissapion — Megatracheloides — Micronotapion — Myrmacyba — Myrmecapion — Myrmecocybus — Nanomyrmacyba — Neocyba — Notapion — Ommatocybus — Platycybus — Pogonapion — Pterapion — Rhadinocyba — Schismatapion — Strobilobius — Tapinocybus — Tetrapion — Thyridapion — Titanapion — Zelapterus — Zimmius
- Setapiini Legalov, 2018
- Tanaini Schoenherr, 1839
- Ðîäà: Afrotibicina — Apiomorphus — Lepanomus — Mecolenus — Setapion — Tanaos
- Ãðóïïà ðîäîâ: «Myrmacicelinae»
- Ãðóïïà ðîäîâ: «Rhinorhynchidiinae»
- Rhinorhynchidius
- Rhynchitapiini Wanat, 2021
- Rhynchitapion Wanat, 2021 (Rh. variiforme (òèïîâîé âèä), Rh. pallidum, Rhynchitapion usambarense)
«Ðîä»Apion- Ðîä Apion Herbst, 1797 â øèðîêîì òàêñîíîìè÷åñêîì îáú¸ìå âêëþ÷àåò îêîëî 1600 âèäîâ, íî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îáû÷íî äåëèòñÿ íà íåñêîëüêî ðîäîâ èëè ïîäðîäîâ, óêàçàííûõ íèæå:
- Omphalapion Schilsky, 1901
- Ceratapion Schilsky, 1901
- Diplapion Reitter, 1916
- Acentrotypus Alonso-Zarasaga, 1990
- Taphrotopium Reitter, 1916
- Aspidapion Schilsky, 1901
- Melanapion Wagner, 1930
- Squamapion Bokor, 1923
- Kalcapion Schilsky, 1906
- Pseudapion Schilsky, 1906
- Malvapion Hoffmann, 1958
- Rhopalapion Schilsky, 1906
- Exapion Bedel, 1887
- Protapion Schilsky, 1908
- Helianthemapion Wagner, 1930
- Pseudoperapion Wagner, 1930
- Pseudostenapion Wagner, 1930
- Pseudoplemonus Wagner, 1930
- Perapion Wagner, 1907
- Apion Herbst, 1797
- Catapion Schilsky, 1906
- Trichapion Wagner, 1912
- Stenopterapion Bokor, 1923
- Pirapion Reitter, 1916
- Synapion Schilsky, 1902
- Cyanapion Bokor, 1923
- Oxystoma Dumril, 1806
- Oryxolaemus Alonso-Zarasaga, 1990
- Eutrichapion Reitter, 1916
Ëèòåðàòóðà- Alonso-Zarazaga, M.A. 1990: Revision of the supraspecific taxa in the Palaearctic Apionidae Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea). 2. Subfamily Apioninae Schoenherr, 1823: Introduction, keys and descriptions. Graellsia, 46: 19-156.
- Alonso-Zarazaga, M.A. & Lyal, C.H.C. 1999: A world catalogue of families and genera of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) (excepting Scolytidae and Platypodidae). Entomopraxis. Barcelona: 315 pp.
- Kissinger, D.G. 1968: Curculionidae subfamily Apioninae of North and Central America with reviews of the World genera of Apioninae and World subgenera of Apion Herbst (Coleoptera). Taxonomic Publications. South Lancaster, Massachusetts: vii + 559 pp..
- Oberprieler, R. 2000: The larvae of the weevil tribe Eurhynchini and the phylogeny of the Brentidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Invertebrate taxonomy, 14: 755—770.
Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ
- Àííîòèðîâàííûé ïåðå÷åíü ðåäêèõ è íàõîäÿùèõñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ âèäîâ áåñïîçâîíî÷íûõ æèâîòíûõ, îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûõ â ïðåäåëàõ Ðîññèè // 2003* Ðîññèÿ* Êðàñíûé ñïèñîê îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûõ ðåäêèõ è íàõîäÿùèõñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ æèâîòíûõ è ðàñòåíèé. (2-é âûïóñê). ×àñòü 2. Áåñïîçâîíî÷íûå æèâîòíûå (Áþëëåòåíü Êðàñíîé êíèãè, 2/2004 (2008)) / îòâ. ðåä. Â. Å. Ïðèñÿæíþê. — Ì.: Ëàáîðàòîðèÿ Êðàñíîé êíèãè Âñåðîññèéñêîãî íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêîãî èíñòèòóòà îõðàíû ïðèðîäû, 2004 (2008). — Ñ. 233. — 512 ñ. — ISBN 978-5-9243-0158-7 Ïîëíûé òåêñò Àðõèâíàÿ êîïèÿ îò 24 îêòÿáðÿ 2018 íà Wayback Machine
- Wanat M. New basal taxa of South African Apioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Brentidae). (àíãë.) // Zootaxa : Æóðíàë. — Auckland, New Zealand: Magnolia Press, 2021. — Vol. 5035, no. 1. — P. 1—60. — ISSN 1175-5326. — doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1. Àðõèâèðîâàíî 10 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2021 ãîäà.
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