Ìåíþ
Ãëàâíàÿ
Ñëó÷àéíàÿ ñòàòüÿ
Íàñòðîéêè
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Òåðìèòû (Isoptera Brull, 1832) — ãðóïïà îáùåñòâåííûõ íàñåêîìûõ, êîòîðàÿ ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ èëè â êà÷åñòâå ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî îòðÿäà (2009)[1], èëè âõîäèò â ñîñòàâ îòðÿäà Òàðàêàíîîáðàçíûå â ñòàòóñå ïîäîòðÿäà, èíôðàîòðÿäà (2011, 2013)[2][3] èëè, äàæå ýïèñåìåéñòâà (epifamily) Termitoidae (2007[4], 2011)[5].  ìèðå èçâåñòíî 2692 âèäà è 247 ðîäîâ òåðìèòîâ[5]. Íàèáîëüøåå ðîäîâîå ðàçíîîáðàçèå íàáëþäàåòñÿ â Àôðèêàíñêèõ ýêâàòîðèàëüíûõ äîæäåâûõ ëåñàõ Êîíãî (62 ðîäà) è â Íåîòðîïè÷åñêèõ äîæäåâûõ ëåñàõ Ôðàíöóçñêîé Ãâèàíû (55 ðîäîâ), çàòåì ñëåäóþò ëîêàëüíûå ôàóíû àçèàòñêèõ äæóíãëåé ñåâåðíîãî Áîðíåî (44 ðîäà)[6].
Ñîäåðæàíèå
Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå
Òåðìèòû âñòðå÷àþòñÿ âî âñåõ çîîãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ðåãèîíàõ è íà ìíîãèõ îêåàíè÷åñêèõ îñòðîâàõ îò 50°N (þæíàÿ Áðèòàíñêàÿ Êîëóìáèÿ, Êàíàäà) äî 45°S (þã ×èëè è Þæíûé îñòðîâ (Íîâàÿ Çåëàíäèÿ)).  íåêîòîðûõ ðåãèîíàõ îòìå÷åíî íàèáîëüøåå âèäîâîå ðàçíîîáðàçèå äëÿ îòäåëüíûõ ðîäîâ: 25 âèäîâ Cryptotermes â Êàðèáñêîì áàññåéíå, 61 âèä Amitermes â Àâñòðàëèè, 72 âèäà Nasutitermes â Íåîòðîïèêå, îêîëî 100 âèäîâ Odontotermes â òðîïè÷åñêîé Àçèè[7].
Ýíäåìèçì
Ñòåïåíü ýíäåìèçìà íà óðîâíå ðîäîâ ïî ðåãèîíàì:[8]
Ïàëåîíòîëîãèÿ
Òåðìèòû ýòî äðåâíåéøèå îáùåñòâåííûå íàñåêîìûå, ïåðâûå îñòàíêè êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæèâàþòñÿ â ìåëîâîì ïåðèîäå[1].
Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ
Òðàäèöèîííàÿ
Äî 2004 ãîäà òðàäèöèîííî âûäåëÿëîñü 7 ñåìåéñòâ òåðìèòîâ:[1] (÷èñëî ðîäîâ è âèäîâ íà 2008 ãîä ïî[7]).
Ñîâðåìåííàÿ
 ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû ê ñïèñêó òðàäèöèîííûõ ñåìåéñòâ òåðìèòîâ äîáàâèëèñü òàêèå ïîâûøåííûå â ñòàòóñå òàêñîíû, êàê Stolotermitidae, Stylotermitidae è †Archeorhinotermitidae (Engel & Krishna, 2004).  2009 ãîäó áûëî âûäåëåíî åù¸ äâà ñåìåéñòâà: †Cratomastotermitidae è Archotermopsidae (Engel, Grimaldi & Krishna, 2009).[1]
- †Archeorhinotermitidae Engel, Grimaldi & Krishna, 2009 — Ìåëîâîé ïåðèîä (Áèðìàíñêèé ÿíòàðü)
- Archotermopsidae Engel, Grimaldi & Krishna, 2009 —
- †Cratomastotermitidae Engel, Grimaldi & Krishna, 2009 — Ìåëîâîé ïåðèîä
- Hodotermitidae —
- Kalotermitidae —
- Allotermes — Bicornitermes — Bifiditermes — Calcaritermes — Ceratokalotermes — Comatermes — Cryptotermes — Epicalotermes — Eucryptotermes — Glyptotermes — Incisitermes — Kalotermes — Lobitermes — Marginitermes — Neotermes — Paraneotermes — Postelectrotermes — Procyptotermes — Proneotermes — Pterotermes — Rugitermes — Tauritermes
- Mastotermitidae —
- Mastotermes — †Blattotermes — †Khanitermes — †Miotermes — †Spargotermes — †Valditermes
- Rhinotermitidae —
- Coptotermitinae —
- Heterotermitinae —
- Prorhinoterminae Quennedey & Deligne, 1975 —
- Psammotermitinae Holmgren, 1911 —
- Rhinotermitinae Froggatt, 1897 —
- Stylotermitinae Holmgren and Holmgren, 1917 —
- Termitogetoninae Holmgren, 1910 —
- Serritermitidae —
- Stolotermitidae — èëè Stolotermitinae â ñîñòàâå Termopsidae
- Stylotermitidae — èëè Stylotermitinae â ñîñòàâå Rhinotermitidae
- Termitidae —
- Amitermitinae —
- Ahamitermes — Amitermes — Amphidotermes — Cephalotermes — Cylindrotermes — Drepanotermes — Eremotermes — Globitermes — Gnathamitermes — Incolitermes — Invasitermes — Labritermes — Microcerotermes — Orientotermes — Prohamitermes — Pseudhamitermes — Pseudomicrotermes — Synhamitermes
- Apicotermitinae —
- Acholotermes — Acidnotermes — Acutidentitermes — Adaiphrotermes — Aderitotermes — Adynatotermes — Aganotermes — Allognathotermes — Alyscotermes — Amalotermes — Amicotermes — Anaorotermes — Anenteotermes — Anoplotermes — Apagotermes — Aparatermes — Apicotermes — Asagarotermes — Astalotermes — Astratotermes — Ateuchotermes — Coxotermes — Duplidentitermes — Eburnitermes — Euhamitermes — Eurytermes — Firmitermes — Grigiotermes — Heimitermes — Hoplognathotermes — Hoplotermes — Indotermes — Jugositermes — Labidotermes — Machadotermes — Phoxotermes — Protohamitermes — Rostrotermes — Ruptitermes — Skatitermes — Speculitermes — Tetimatermes — Trichotermes
- Cubitermitinae —
- Apilitermes — Basidentitermes — Batillitermes — Crenetermes — Cubitermes — Euchilotermes — Fastigitermes — Foraminitermes — Forficulitermes — Furculitermes — Gibbotermes — Lepidotermes — Megagnathotermes — Mucrotermes — Nitiditermes — Noditermes — Okavangotermes — Ophiotermes — Orthotermes — Ovambotermes — Pilotermes — Proboscitermes — Procubitermes — Profastigitermes — Thoracotermes — Tuberculitermes — Unguitermes — Unicornitermes
- Foraminitermitinae —
- Macrotermitinae —
- Acanthotermes — Allodontermes — Ancistrotermes — Euscaiotermes — Hypotermes — Macrotermes — Megaprotermes — Microtermes — Odontotermes — Parahypotermes — Protermes — Pseudacanthotermes — Sphaerotermes — Synacanthotermes
- Nasutitermitinae —
- Aciculioiditermes — Aciculitermes — Afrosubulitermes — Agnathotermes — Ahmaditermes — Ampoulitermes — Angularitermes — Anhangatermes — Antillitermes — Araujotermes — Arcotermes — Armitermes — Atlantitermes — Australitermes — Baucaliotermes — Bulbitermes — Caetetermes — Cahuallitermes — Caribitermes — Ceylonitermellus — Ceylonitermes — Coarctotermes — Coatitermes — Coendutermes — Constrictotermes — Convexitermes — Cornitermes — Cortaritermes — Cucurbitermes — Curvitermes — Cyranotermes — Cyrilliotermes — Diversitermes — Diwaitermes — Eleanoritermes — Embiratermes — Emersonitermes — Ereymatermes — Eutermellus — Fulleritermes — Grallatotermes — Havilanditermes — Hirtitermes — Hospitalitermes — Ibitermes — Kaudernitermes — Labiotermes — Lacessititermes — Leptomyxotermes — Leucopsitermes — Longipeditermes — Macrosubulitermes — Macuxitermes — Malagasitermes — Malaysiotermes — Mimeutermes — Mironasutitermes — Mycterotermes — Nasopilotermes — Nasutitermes — Ngauratermes — Nuiginitermes — Obtusitermes — Occasitermes — Occultitermes — Oriensubulitermes — Paracornitermes — Parvitermes — Periaciculitermes — Peribulbitermes — Postsubulitermes — Proaciculitermes — Procornitermes — Rhadinotermes — Rhynchotermes — Roonwalitermes — Rotunditermes — Sinonasutitermes — Spatulitermes — Subulitermes — Syntermes — Tarditermes — Tenuirostritermes — Thailanditermes — Triangularitermes — Trinervitermes — Tumulitermes — Velocitermes — Verrucositermes — Xiaitermes
- Termitinae —
- Angulitermes — Apsenterotermes — Capritermes — Cavitermes — Cornicapritermes — Coxocapritermes — Crepititermes — Cristatitermes — Dentispicotermes — Dicuspiditermes — Dihoplotermes — Ekphysotermes — Ephelotermes — Genuotermes — Hapsidotermes — Hesperotermes — Homallotermes — Indocapritermes — Inquilinitermes — Kemneritermes — Krishnacapritermes — Labiocapritermes — Lophotermes — Macrognathotermes — Malaysiocapritermes — Mirocapritermes — Neocapritermes — Oriencapritermes — Orthognathotermes — Paracapritermes — Pericapritermes — Planicapritermes — Procapritermes — Promirotermes — Protocapritermes — Pseudocapritermes — Quasitermes — Saxatilitermes — Sinocapritermes — Spinitermes — Termes — Syncapritermes — Xylochomitermes
Ñì. òàêæå
Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ
- 1 2 3 4 Engel M., D. A. Grimaldi and K. Krishna. BioOne Online Journals — Termites (Isoptera): Their Phylogeny, Classification, and Rise to Ecological Dominance. Àðõèâíàÿ êîïèÿ îò 28 èþëÿ 2009 íà Wayback Machine
- Engel Michael S. Family-group names for termites (Isoptera), redux (àíãë.) // ZooKeys. — 2011. — Vol. 148. — P. 171–184. Àðõèâèðîâàíî 22 îêòÿáðÿ 2012 ãîäà.
- Krishna, Kumar.; Grimaldi, David A.; Krishna, Valerie.; Engel, Michael S. Treatise on the Isoptera of the world (àíãë.) // Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History : Æóðíàë. — Íüþ-Éîðê: American Museum of Natural History, 2013. — Vol. 377 (vol. 1-7). — P. 1-2704. — ISSN 0003-0090. Àðõèâèðîâàíî 30 èþëÿ 2014 ãîäà.
- Inward, D., G. Beccaloni, and P. Eggleton. Death of an order: a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study confirms that termites are eusocial cockroaches (àíãë.) // Biology Letters. — 2007. — Vol. 3. — P. 331–335.
- 1 2 Beccaloni, G. W.; Eggleton, P. 2011: Order Blattodea Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.) 2011: Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa, 3148: 199—200. ISBN 978-1-86977-849-1 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-86977-850-7 (online edition) PDF Àðõèâíàÿ êîïèÿ îò 19 àïðåëÿ 2012 íà Wayback Machine
- David T. Jones and Paul Eggleton. Global Biogeography of Termites: A Compilation of Sources / Ed. David Edward Bignell, Yves Roisin, Nathan Lo. — Biology of Termites: a Modern Synthesis. — 2011. — Ñ. 477-498. — ISBN 978-90-481-3976-7. (íåäîñòóïíàÿ ññûëêà)
- 1 2 3 4
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- K. Krishna and D. A. Grimaldi. 2003. The first Cretaceous Rhinotermitidae (Isoptera): a new species, genus, and subfamily in Burmese amber. American Museum Novitates 3390:1-10
Ëèòåðàòóðà- Engel Michael, David A. Grimaldi and Kumar Krishna. Termites (Isoptera): Their Phylogeny, Classification, and Rise to Ecological Dominance // American Museum Novitates. — 2009. — Vol. 3650. — P. 1–27.
- Engel Michael and Kumar Krishna. Family-group names for termites (Isoptera) // American Museum Novitates. — 2004. — Vol. 3432. — P. 1–9.
- Marie Djerns, Klaus-Dieter Klass, Mike D. Picker, Jakob Damgaard. Phylogeny of cockroaches (Insecta, Dictyoptera, Blattodea), with placement of aberrant taxa and exploration of out-group sampling (àíãë.) // Systematic Entomology. — 2012. — Vol. 37, no. 1. — P. 65–83.
- Krishna, Kumar.; Grimaldi, David A.; Krishna, Valerie.; Engel, Michael S. 2013. Treatise on the Isoptera of the world. — Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 377: pp.1-2704 (vol. 1-7). ISSN 0003-0090
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