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There are hundreds of chicken breeds in existence.[1] Domesticated for thousands of years, distinguishable breeds of chicken have been present since the combined factors of geographical isolation and selection for desired characteristics created regional types with distinct physical and behavioral traits passed on to their offspring.
The physical traits used to distinguish chicken breeds are size, plumage color, comb type, skin color, number of toes, amount of feathering, egg color, and place of origin.[1] They are also roughly divided by primary use, whether for eggs, meat, or ornamental purposes, and with some considered to be dual-purpose.[1]
In the 21st century, chickens are frequently bred according to predetermined breed standards set down by governing organizations. The first of such standards was the British Poultry Standard, which is still in publication today.[2][3] Other standards include the Standard of Perfection, the Australian Poultry Standard, and the standard of the American Bantam Association, which deals exclusively with bantam fowl.[3] Only some of the known breeds are included in these publications, and only those breeds are eligible to be shown competitively. There are additionally a few hybrid strains which are common in the poultry world, especially in large poultry farms. These types are first generation crosses of true breeds. Hybrids do not reliably pass on their features to their offspring, but are highly valued for their producing abilities.[1]
By place of origin
Afghanistan
Albania
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Brazil
Bulgaria
Canada
Chile
China
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Egypt
Finland
France
Germany- Annaberger Haubenstrupphhner[17][18]
- Augsburger[17][18]
- Bergische Krher,[17][18]
- Bergische Schlotterkmme[17][18]
- Bielefelder Kennhuhn[17][18]
- Deutsches Lachshuhn,[17] see Faverolles[18]
- Deutsche Langschan,[17] see German Langshan[18]
- Deutsches Reichshuhn[17][18]
- Deutsche Sperber[17][18]
- Dresdner[17][18]
- German creeper[17][18]
- Hamburger,[17] see Hamburg[18]
- Kraienkppe (Twents hoen)[18]
- Lakenfelder,[17] see Lakenvelder[18]
- Nackthalshhner, see Naked-neck[18]
- Niederrheiner[17][18]
- Ostfriesische Mwen,[17][18] see East Frisian Gull
- Pflzer Kmpfer[18]
- Phoenix[18]
- Ramelsloher[17][18]
- Rheinlnder[17][18]
- Sachsenhuhn[17][18]
- Strupphuhn, see Frizzle[18]
- Sultanhuhn, see Sultan[18]
- Sundheimer[17][18]
- Thringer Barthuhn[17][18]
- Vogtlnder[17][18]
- Vorwerkhuhn,[17] see Vorwerk[18]
- Westflische Totleger,[17][18] see Westphalian chicken
- Bergische Zwerg-Krher[18][19]
- Bergische Zwerg-Schlotterkmme[18][19]
- Bielefelder Zwerg-Kennhhner[18][19]
- Brgger Zwerg-Kmpfer[19]
- Deutsche Zwerghhner[18][19]
- Deutsche Zwerg-Lachshhner,[19] see Faverolle Bantam[18]
- Deutsche Zwerg-Langschan,[19] see German Langshan Bantam[18]
- Deutsche Zwerg-Reichshhner[18][19]
- Deutsche Zwerg-Sperber[18][19]
- Frankfurter Zwerghhner[18][19]
- Ostfriesische Zwerg-Mwen[18][19]
- Ruhlaer Zwerg-Kaulhhner[18][19]
- Siamesisches Zwerg-Seidenhhner[18][19]
- Thringer Zwerg-Barthhner[18][19]
- Zwerg-Altsteirer[18][19]
- Zwerg-Amrocks[18][19]
- Zwerg-Andalusier,[18][19] see Andalusian[18]
- Zwerg-Araucana,[19] see Rumpless Araucana Bantam[18]
- Zwerg-Asil, see Asil Bantam[18]
- Zwerg-Augsburger,[19] see Augsburger Bantam[18]
- Zwerg-Australorps,[19] see Australorp Bantam[18]
- Zwerg-Barnevelder,[19] see Barnevelder Bantam[18]
- Zwerg-Brahma,[19] see Brahmas[18]
- Zwerg-Brakel,[19] see Brakel Bantam[18]
- Zwerg-Crve Coeur,[19] see Crevecoeur Bantam[18]
- Zwerg-Dominikaner,[19] see Dominique Bantam[18]
- Zwerg-Dresdner[18][19]
- Zwerg-Hamburger, see Hamburg Bantam[18]
- Zwerg-Italiener,[19] see Leghorn Bantam[18]
- Zwerg-Kastilianer[18][19]
- Zwerg-Krper[18][19]
- Zwerg-La Flche,[19] see La Fleche Bantam[18]
- Zwerg-Lakenfelder,[19] see Lakenfelder Bantam[18]
- Zwerg-Minorka,[19] see Minorca Bantam[18]
- Zwerg-Nackthalshhner,[19] see Naked-neck bantam
- Zwerg-New Hampshire, see New Hampshire Bantam[18]
- Zwerg-Niederrheiner[18][19]
- Zwerg-Orloff,[19] see Orloff Bantam[18]
- Zwerg-Orpinglon[19] see Orpington Bantam[18]
- Zwerg-Phnix,[19] see Phoenix[18]
- Zwerg-Plymouth Rocks,[19] see Plymouth Rock Bantam[18]
- Zwerg-Rheinlnder[18][19]
- Zwerg-Rhodelnder[18][19]
- Zwerg-Sachsenhhner[18][19]
- Zwerg-Sulmtaler,[19] see Sulmtaler Bantam[18]
- Zwerg-Sundheimer[18][19]
- Zwerg-Sussex,[19] see Sussex Bantam[18]
- Zwerg-Vorwerkhhner[19] see Vorwerk Bantam[18]
- Zwerg-Welsumer[19] see Welsumer Bantam[18]
- Zwerg-Yokohama[19] see Yokohama Bantam[18]
Greece
Iceland
India
Indonesia
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- Kedu (nationally standardized)
- Sentul (nationally standardized)
- Kokok Balenggek (nationally standardized)
- Pelung (long-crower from West Java, locally standardized)
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Iran
Italy
Japan
Korea
Kosovo
Malaysia
Mariana Islands
Myanmar
Netherlands
Norway
Pakistan
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Thailand
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States of America
Vietnam
By primary use
All chickens lay eggs, have edible meat, and possess a unique appearance. However, distinct breeds are the result of selective breeding to emphasize certain traits. Any breed may be used for general agricultural purposes, and all breeds are shown to some degree. But each chicken breed is known for a primary use.
Eggs
Many breeds were selected and are used primarily for producing eggs, these are mostly light-weight birds whose hens do not go broody often.
Meat
Most farms and homesteads use dual-purpose breeds for meat production. Some breeds are raised mainly for meat:
Dual-purpose
The generalist breeds used in barnyards worldwide are adaptable utility birds good at producing both meat and eggs. Though some may be slightly better for one of these purposes, they are usually called dual-purpose breeds.
Exhibition
Since the 19th century, poultry fancy, the breeding and competitive exhibition of poultry as a hobby, has grown to be a huge influence on chicken breeds. Many breeds have always been kept for ornamental purposes, and others have been shifted from their original use to become first and foremost exhibition fowl, even if they may retain some inherent utility. Since the sport of cockfighting has been outlawed in the developed world, most breeds first developed for this purpose, called game fowl, are now seen principally in the show ring rather than the cock pit as fighting cocks.
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U denotes a breed primarily used for exhibition, but which is still used for utility purposes.
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G denotes a game breed.
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Bantams
Most large chicken breeds have a bantam counterpart, sometimes referred to as a miniature. Miniatures are usually one-fifth to one-quarter the size of the standard breed, but they are expected to exhibit all of the standard breed's characteristics. A true bantam has no large counterpart, and is naturally small. The true bantams include:
Crossbreeds
Many common strains of crossbred chickens exist, but none breed true or are recognized by poultry breed standards; thus, though they are extremely common in flocks focusing on high productivity, crossbreeds do not technically meet the definition of a breed. Most crossbreed strains are sex linked, allowing for easy chick sexing.
See also
Footnotes
- 1 2 3 4 (Ekarius 2007, С. 23)
- 1 2 (Ekarius 2007)
- 1 2 (Heinrichs 2007)
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 Domestic Animal Diversity Information System. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed January 2012.
- Altsteirer . Feathersite.com. Accessed January 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Grandes volailles Архивировано 23 сентября 2018 года. (in French) Association pour la Promotion des Animaux de Basse-cour Belges. Accessed January 2012. "Large poultry breeds"
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Volailles naines Архивировано 23 сентября 2018 года. (in French) Association pour la Promotion des Animaux de Basse-cour Belges. Accessed January 2012. "Dwarf poultry breeds"
- Croatian Hen . Feathersite.com. Accessed January 2012.
- http://www.rfp-europe.org/fileadmin/SITE_ERFP/country_reports/Crotia/CR_Croatia_2009.pdf Шаблон:Bare URL PDF
- Archived copy . Дата обращения: 12 августа 2012. Архивировано из оригинала 25 мая 2014 года.
- Biodiversity in the CR/animals genetic resources . Enrin.grida.no. Accessed January 2012.
- 1 2 Czech chicken breeds . Accessed January 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Nikkonen, Terhi (2011) Finnish AnGR conservation programme: What and how? MTT Agrifood Research Finland. Accessed January 2012.
- Finnish Chickens . Feathersite.com. Accessed January 2012.
- Finnish National Animal Genetic Resources Program / Each country's work / Nordic conservation work / Innehll / Farm Animals / NordGens webbplats - Nordic Genetic Resource Center . Nordgen.org. Архивировано из оригинала 22 января 2012 года. Accessed January 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 French fowl Архивировано 5 марта 2016 года. Fdration franaise des volailles. Accessed January 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hhner 2011 Архивировано 5 марта 2016 года. (in German) Bund Deutscher Rassegeflgelzchter e.V. Accessed January 2012. "Chickens 2011"
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 Listing of European Poultry Breeds and Colours, 2013 Архивировано 16 июня 2013 года., entente-ee.com
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Zwerghhner 2011 Архивировано 21 марта 2016 года. (in German) Bund Deutscher Rassegeflgelzchter e.V. Accessed January 2012. "Dwarf chickens 2011"
- Arca-Net . Arca-net.info. Accessed January 2012.
- Arca-Net . Arca-net.info. Accessed January 2012.
- Arca-Net . Arca-net.info. Accessed January 2012.
- Arca-Net . Arca-net.info. Accessed January 2012.
- Arca-Net . Arca-net.info. Accessed January 2012.
- Arca-Net . Arca-net.info. Accessed January 2012.
- Arca-Net . Arca-net.info. Accessed January 2012.
- (Percy 2006, С. 17)
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Atlante delle razze * di polli (in Italian) Accessed January 2012. "Atlas of chicken breeds"
- Kosova Long Crowing Rooster . Дата обращения: 18 июля 2012.
- Tringjyrshet Kosov
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Hoenders en dwerghoenders Архивировано 17 июля 2007 года. (in Dutch) Nederlandse Bond van Hoender, Dwerghoender, Sier- en Watervogelhouders. Accessed January 2012. "Chickens and dwarf chickens".
- 1 2 3 4 5 Breeds reported by Philippines: Chicken. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed June 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Feleciano R. Bejar, Manuel J. Baylon, Jaime B. Fabillar, Lagrito Ebert B. Mante, Arturo A. Ultra, Reynaldo R. Aquino, Elvie T. Bejar (2012). Management Practices and Morphological Characterization of Indigenous (Native) Chickens in Samar Province Архивировано 15 июня 2014 года.. Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture: Agriculture & Development Discussion Paper Series No. 2012-3.
- 1 2 3 4 Aves Архивировано 21 января 2012 года. (in Portuguese) Associao dos Criadores de Bovinos de Raa Barros. Accessed January 2012. "Birds"
- Banatski goloijan standard Архивировано 1 февраля 2013 года. (in Serbian) Udruzenje za zastitu i odgoj sitnih zivotinja Sremska Mitrovica. Accessed January 2012.
- Svrljig Kokos Balkan Network for Agrobiodiversity. Accessed January 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 Slovenske avtohtone in tradicionalne pasme domaih ivali (2014). Oddelek za zootehniko, UL BF (in Slovenian). Retrieved 22.10.2021.
- Holcman, Antonija. Poultry Breeds -Styrian Chickens — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science . afs.okstate.edu. Дата обращения: 22 октября 2021.
- 1 2 3 Strelec, Alenka; Teri, Duan; Malovrh, pela; Holcman, Antonija (2009). Prireja in fizikalne lastnosti jajc slovenskih tradicionalnih pasem kokoi lahkega tipa. Acta agriculturae Slovenica (словен.). 1: 5–12.
- Kobold, Primo. Primerjava proizvodnosti piancev ross 308 in slovensko pozno operjene kokoi v pogojih ekoloke reje (словен.). dk.um.si (2017). Дата обращения: 5 декабря 2021.
- 1 2 3 Agricultural Research Council – The indigenous poultry breeds of SA Архивировано 28 сентября 2011 года.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Ganaderia: Catlogo Oficial de Razas de Ganado de Espaa Архивировано 2 февраля 2012 года. (in Spanish) Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. Accessed January 2012 (click Razas, then Catlogo Oficial de razas). "Breeding: official catalogue of agricultural breeds in Spain".
- Asociacion Cntabra para la Conservacin y Fomento de la Gallina Pedresa.
- Breed data sheet: Taiwanese Shamo / United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Chicken). Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed April 2022.
- 1 2 3 Breeds reported by Thailand: Chicken. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed June 2016.
- Pradu Hang Dam Chiangmai . Poultry Research and Development Section, Bureau of Animal Husbandry and Genetic Improvement, Department of Livestock Development, Thailand. Дата обращения: 8 января 2014. Архивировано из оригинала 8 января 2014 года.
- Victoria Roberts (2008). British poultry standards: complete specifications and judging points of all standardized breeds and varieties of poultry as compiled by the specialist breed clubs and recognised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 9781405156424.
- Denizli Rooster . Kultur.Gov.Tr. Department of Culture and Tourism, Republic of Turkey. Дата обращения: 16 июня 2014.
References
Шаблон:Chicken
Шаблон:Poultry
Шаблон:Breed
Chickens
Chicken
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