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Участник:Koryakov Yuri/Temp6
Материал из https://ru.wikipedia.org

Языки/яз.группы Faber (Hetzron 1997) Ethnologue 2004 Коган 2009 Militarev 2004 Beyer неизв.источник
аккадский вост.-сем. не рассмотрено вост.-сем. вост.-сем. вост.-сем. сев. периф.
эблаитский не рассмотрено сев.-сем.
арам. З. >Ц. >СЗ. центр. >арам. З.>Ц.>арам. З.>Ц.>левантин. зап.-сем. сев. центр.
угаритский не рассмотрено З.>Ц.>ханаан. З.>Ц.>левантин.
ханаанейские центр.>юж. З.>Ц.>левантин.
араб. З.> центр.-сем.> араб. З.>Ц.>сев.-арав. З.>Ц.>араб. юж.-сем. юж. центр.
древние сев.-арав. не рассмотрено не рассмотрено
юж.-арав. эпиграф. (сайхадские) З.>юж.-сем. >зап. не рассмотрено З.>Ц.>ЮАЭ З.>Ц.>левантин. юж. периф.
Ethiopic юж.>эфиоп. З.>эфиосемит. З.>эфиоп.
совр. юж.-арав. З.>юж.-сем. >вост. юж. >юж.-арав. З.>совр. юж.-арав. юж.-сем.

The first one ("Kogan") follows the main classifications based on morphological innovations (like Huehnergard and Hetzron) with the slightly different labels and the following main distinction: South Semitic is treated as three different groups – Old South Arabian (OSA) as a part of Central Semitic and Ethiopic and Modern South Arabian (MSA) as two separate groups within West Semitic.

There are explanations for such a decision: the only two innovations usually used to support South Semitic unity are explained as archaism (retention of "old imerfect *yV-CaC(C)VC as opposed to the innovative Central Semitic *yV-CCVC-u) and areal feature (generalization of -k- in Suffix Conjugation Verbs, found also in Arabic dialects of South Arabia). The main reason for including of OSA in Central Semitic is their common innovation in verbal system (shown by N. Nebes in 1994): replacement of disyllable imperfect stem -CaC(C)VC- with monosyllable stem -CCVC-.

The second scheme ("Militarev", based on his presentation in 2004 and more early works like Militarev 2000) is based on completely different methodology – lexicostatistics. Time scale apart it gives usually interesting results for pure classification especially in cases with little or no evident phono- or morphologic innovations (like Semitic). The main differences are:
  • MSA is treated as independent branch of Semithic;
  • OSA is included in Central Semitic.



Also I added a "Faber" based on Alice Faber article in Hetzron 1997 which is in fact summarizing of Hetzron, Huehnergard and others' efforts. So first three colums are essentially one scheme developed in time and I left only one in the table.

Some slight rearrangements in the teable are: I added Old South Arabian (Sabaean+), corrected Arabic -> Arabian (exc. Arabic proper) and added some colours to easier comparison.

So in view of the aforesaid I think the more appropriate Semitic tree sould be like that:

Eastern Semitic – Akkadian, Eblaite

West Semitic
  • Central Semitic
    • Northwest Semitic (Levantine)
      • Aramaic
      • Ugaritic
      • Canaanite
    • North Arabian (Arabic)
      • Ancient North Arabian
      • Arabic proper
    • Old South Arabian (Sayhadic)
  • Ethiopic (Ethiosemitic)
  • Eastern South Arabian (Modern South Arabian)


I'd like to change the classification in the article but decided first to put it here. And I think it would be better to delete detailed listing of Semitic dialects and languages in this scheme, especially Hebrew, Aramaic, Arabic and Ethiopic varieties.

I hope it would be useful to give full reference for all those schemes:
  • Faber A. Genetic Subgrouping of the Semitic Languages // R. Hetzron (ed.). The Semitic Languages. London, 1997.
  • Hetzron R. Two Principles of Genetic Reconstruction. Lingua 38 (1976), pp. 89-108.
  • Huehnergard J. A Grammar of Akkadian. Atlanta, 1997.
  • Huehnergard J. Languages of the Ancient Near East // The Ancor Bible Dictionary, vol. 4. 1992. Pp. 155–170.
  • Militarev A.. Towards the Chronology of Afrasian (Afroasiatic) and its Daughter Families. Time Depth in Historical Linguistics. Cambridge, 2000. Pp. 267-307.
  • Militarev А., Kogan L. Semitic Etymological Dictionary. Vol. I. Anatomy of Man and Animals. Mnster, 2000. Vol. II. Animal Names. Mnster, 2005.
  • Nebes N. Zur Form der Imperfektbasis des unvermehrten Grundstammes im Altsdarabischen. (Festschrift Ewald Wagner zum 65 Geburtstag) // Semitische Studien unter besonderer Bercksichtigung der Sdsemitistik / Hrsg. von W. Heinrichs und G. Schler. Beirut; Stuttgart, 1994, Bd. 1., P. 59–80.


Koryakov Yuri 23:29, 22 January 2006 (UTC)
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