Меню Главная Случайная статья Настройки Участник:Soshial/Integrals Материал из https://ru.wikipedia.org Содержание 1 Rules for integration of general functions 2 Integrals of Rational functions 3 Irrational functions 3.1 Integrals involving r'"`UNIQ--postMath-0000003A-QINU`"' 3.2 Integrals involving s'"`UNIQ--postMath-00000055-QINU`"' 3.3 Integrals involving t'"`UNIQ--postMath-00000070-QINU`"' 3.4 Integrals involving R'"`UNIQ--postMath-00000077-QINU`"' 3.5 Integrals involving S'"`UNIQ--postMath-00000084-QINU`"' 4 Logarithms 5 Exponential functions 6 Trigonometric functions 6.1 Integrals of trigonometric functions containing only sin 6.2 Integrals of trigonometric functions containing only cos 6.3 Integrals of trigonometric functions containing only tan 6.4 Integrals of trigonometric functions containing only sec 6.5 Integrals of trigonometric functions containing only csc 6.6 Integrals of trigonometric functions containing only cot 6.7 Integrals of trigonometric functions containing both sin and cos 6.8 Integrals of trigonometric functions containing both sin and tan 6.9 Integrals of trigonometric functions containing both cos and tan 6.10 Integrals of trigonometric functions containing both sin and cot 6.11 Integrals of trigonometric functions containing both cos and cot 6.12 Integrals of trigonometric functions containing both tan and cot 6.13 Integrals of trigonometric functions with symmetric limits 7 List of integrals of inverse trigonometric functions 8 Hyperbolic functions 9 Inverse hyperbolic functions 10 Definite integrals lacking closed-form antiderivatives Rules for integration of general functions ${\displaystyle \int af(x)\,dx=a\int f(x)\,dx\qquad {\mbox{(}}a{\mbox{ constant)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int [f(x)+g(x)]\,dx=\int f(x)\,dx+\int g(x)\,dx}$ ${\displaystyle \int f(x)g(x)\,dx=f(x)\int g(x)\,dx-\int \left[f'(x)\left(\int g(x)\,dx\right)\right]\,dx}$ ${\displaystyle \int [f(x)]^{n}f'(x)\,dx={[f(x)]^{n+1} \over n+1}+C\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq -1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {f'(x) \over f(x)}\,dx=\ln {\left|f(x)\right|}+C}$ Integrals of Rational functions more integrals: en:List of integrals of rational functions ${\displaystyle \int \,{\rm {d}}x=x+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int x^{n}\,{\rm {d}}x={\frac {x^{n+1}}{n+1}}+C\qquad {\mbox{ if }}n\neq -1}$ ${\displaystyle \int {dx \over x}=\ln {\left|x\right|}+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int {dx \over {a^{2}+(bx)^{2}}}={1 \over ab}\arctan {bx \over a}+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int (ax+b)^{n}dx}$ ${\displaystyle ={\frac {(ax+b)^{n+1}}{a(n+1)}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq -1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{ax+b}}}$ ${\displaystyle ={\frac {1}{a}}\ln \left|ax+b\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int x(ax+b)^{n}dx}$ ${\displaystyle ={\frac {a(n+1)x-b}{a^{2}(n+1)(n+2)}}(ax+b)^{n+1}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\not \in \{-1,-2\}{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {xdx}{ax+b}}}$ ${\displaystyle ={\frac {x}{a}}-{\frac {b}{a^{2}}}\ln \left|ax+b\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {xdx}{(ax+b)^{2}}}}$ ${\displaystyle ={\frac {b}{a^{2}(ax+b)}}+{\frac {1}{a^{2}}}\ln \left|ax+b\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {xdx}{(ax+b)^{n}}}}$ ${\displaystyle ={\frac {a(1-n)x-b}{a^{2}(n-1)(n-2)(ax+b)^{n-1}}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\not \in \{1,2\}{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x^{2}dx}{ax+b}}}$ ${\displaystyle ={\frac {1}{a^{3}}}\left({\frac {(ax+b)^{2}}{2}}-2b(ax+b)+b^{2}\ln \left|ax+b\right|\right)}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x^{2}dx}{(ax+b)^{2}}}}$ ${\displaystyle ={\frac {1}{a^{3}}}\left(ax+b-2b\ln \left|ax+b\right|-{\frac {b^{2}}{ax+b}}\right)}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x^{2}dx}{(ax+b)^{3}}}}$ ${\displaystyle ={\frac {1}{a^{3}}}\left(\ln \left|ax+b\right|+{\frac {2b}{ax+b}}-{\frac {b^{2}}{2(ax+b)^{2}}}\right)}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x^{2}dx}{(ax+b)^{n}}}}$ ${\displaystyle ={\frac {1}{a^{3}}}\left(-{\frac {(ax+b)^{3-n}}{(n-3)}}+{\frac {2b(a+b)^{2-n}}{(n-2)}}-{\frac {b^{2}(ax+b)^{1-n}}{(n-1)}}\right)\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\not \in \{1,2,3\}{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{x(ax+b)}}}$ ${\displaystyle =-{\frac {1}{b}}\ln \left|{\frac {ax+b}{x}}\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{x^{2}(ax+b)}}}$ ${\displaystyle =-{\frac {1}{bx}}+{\frac {a}{b^{2}}}\ln \left|{\frac {ax+b}{x}}\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{x^{2}(ax+b)^{2}}}}$ ${\displaystyle =-a\left({\frac {1}{b^{2}(ax+b)}}+{\frac {1}{ab^{2}x}}-{\frac {2}{b^{3}}}\ln \left|{\frac {ax+b}{x}}\right|\right)}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{x^{2}+a^{2}}}}$ ${\displaystyle ={\frac {1}{a}}\arctan {\frac {x}{a}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{x^{2}-a^{2}}}=}$ ${\displaystyle -{\frac {1}{a}}\,\mathrm {arctanh} {\frac {x}{a}}={\frac {1}{2a}}\ln {\frac {a-x}{a+x}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}|x|<|a|{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle -{\frac {1}{a}}\,\mathrm {arccoth} {\frac {x}{a}}={\frac {1}{2a}}\ln {\frac {x-a}{x+a}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}|x|>|a|{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{ax^{2}+bx+c}}=}$ ${\displaystyle {\frac {2}{\sqrt {4ac-b^{2}}}}\arctan {\frac {2ax+b}{\sqrt {4ac-b^{2}}}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}4ac-b^{2}>0{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle -{\frac {2}{\sqrt {b^{2}-4ac}}}\,\mathrm {arctanh} {\frac {2ax+b}{\sqrt {b^{2}-4ac}}}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {b^{2}-4ac}}}\ln \left|{\frac {2ax+b-{\sqrt {b^{2}-4ac}}}{2ax+b+{\sqrt {b^{2}-4ac}}}}\right|\qquad {\mbox{(for }}4ac-b^{2}<0{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle -{\frac {2}{2ax+b}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}4ac-b^{2}=0{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {xdx}{ax^{2}+bx+c}}}$ ${\displaystyle ={\frac {1}{2a}}\ln \left|ax^{2}+bx+c\right|-{\frac {b}{2a}}\int {\frac {dx}{ax^{2}+bx+c}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {(mx+n)dx}{ax^{2}+bx+c}}=}$ ${\displaystyle {\frac {m}{2a}}\ln \left|ax^{2}+bx+c\right|+{\frac {2an-bm}{a{\sqrt {4ac-b^{2}}}}}\arctan {\frac {2ax+b}{\sqrt {4ac-b^{2}}}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}4ac-b^{2}>0{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle {\frac {m}{2a}}\ln \left|ax^{2}+bx+c\right|+{\frac {2an-bm}{a{\sqrt {b^{2}-4ac}}}}\,\mathrm {artanh} {\frac {2ax+b}{\sqrt {b^{2}-4ac}}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}4ac-b^{2}<0{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle {\frac {m}{2a}}\ln \left|ax^{2}+bx+c\right|-{\frac {2an-bm}{a(2ax+b)}}\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\qquad {\mbox{(for }}4ac-b^{2}=0{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{(ax^{2}+bx+c)^{n}}}={\frac {2ax+b}{(n-1)(4ac-b^{2})(ax^{2}+bx+c)^{n-1}}}+{\frac {(2n-3)2a}{(n-1)(4ac-b^{2})}}\int {\frac {dx}{(ax^{2}+bx+c)^{n-1}}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {xdx}{(ax^{2}+bx+c)^{n}}}={\frac {bx+2c}{(n-1)(4ac-b^{2})(ax^{2}+bx+c)^{n-1}}}-{\frac {b(2n-3)}{(n-1)(4ac-b^{2})}}\int {\frac {dx}{(ax^{2}+bx+c)^{n-1}}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{x(ax^{2}+bx+c)}}={\frac {1}{2c}}\ln \left|{\frac {x^{2}}{ax^{2}+bx+c}}\right|-{\frac {b}{2c}}\int {\frac {dx}{ax^{2}+bx+c}}}$ Any rational function can be integrated using above equations and partial fractions in integration, by decomposing the rational function into a sum of functions of the form: ${\displaystyle {\frac {ex+f}{\left(ax^{2}+bx+c\right)^{n}}}}$. Irrational functions more integrals: en:List of integrals of irrational functions ${\displaystyle \int {dx \over {\sqrt {a^{2}-x^{2}}}}=\sin ^{-1}{x \over a}+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int {-dx \over {\sqrt {a^{2}-x^{2}}}}=\cos ^{-1}{x \over a}+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int {dx \over x{\sqrt {x^{2}-a^{2}}}}={1 \over a}\sec ^{-1},{|x| \over a}+C}$ Integrals involving r=x2+a2{\displaystyle ={\sqrt {x^{2}+a^{2}}}} ${\displaystyle \int r\;dx={\frac {1}{2}}\left(xr+a^{2}\,\ln \left(x+r\right)\right)}$ ${\displaystyle \int r^{3}\;dx={\frac {1}{4}}xr^{3}+{\frac {1}{8}}3a^{2}xr+{\frac {3}{8}}a^{4}\ln \left(x+r\right)}$ ${\displaystyle \int r^{5}\;dx={\frac {1}{6}}xr^{5}+{\frac {5}{24}}a^{2}xr^{3}+{\frac {5}{16}}a^{4}xr+{\frac {5}{16}}a^{6}\ln \left(x+r\right)}$ ${\displaystyle \int xr\;dx={\frac {r^{3}}{3}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int xr^{3}\;dx={\frac {r^{5}}{5}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int xr^{2n+1}\;dx={\frac {r^{2n+3}}{2n+3}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int x^{2}r\;dx={\frac {xr^{3}}{4}}-{\frac {a^{2}xr}{8}}-{\frac {a^{4}}{8}}\ln \left(x+r\right)}$ ${\displaystyle \int x^{2}r^{3}\;dx={\frac {xr^{5}}{6}}-{\frac {a^{2}xr^{3}}{24}}-{\frac {a^{4}xr}{16}}-{\frac {a^{6}}{16}}\ln \left(x+r\right)}$ ${\displaystyle \int x^{3}r\;dx={\frac {r^{5}}{5}}-{\frac {a^{2}r^{3}}{3}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int x^{3}r^{3}\;dx={\frac {r^{7}}{7}}-{\frac {a^{2}r^{5}}{5}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int x^{3}r^{2n+1}\;dx={\frac {r^{2n+5}}{2n+5}}-{\frac {a^{3}r^{2n+3}}{2n+3}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int x^{4}r\;dx={\frac {x^{3}r^{3}}{6}}-{\frac {a^{2}xr^{3}}{8}}+{\frac {a^{4}xr}{16}}+{\frac {a^{6}}{16}}\ln \left(x+r\right)}$ ${\displaystyle \int x^{4}r^{3}\;dx={\frac {x^{3}r^{5}}{8}}-{\frac {a^{2}xr^{5}}{16}}+{\frac {a^{4}xr^{3}}{64}}+{\frac {3a^{6}xr}{128}}+{\frac {3a^{8}}{128}}\ln \left(x+r\right)}$ ${\displaystyle \int x^{5}r\;dx={\frac {r^{7}}{7}}-{\frac {2a^{2}r^{5}}{5}}+{\frac {a^{4}r^{3}}{3}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int x^{5}r^{3}\;dx={\frac {r^{9}}{9}}-{\frac {2a^{2}r^{7}}{7}}+{\frac {a^{4}r^{5}}{5}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int x^{5}r^{2n+1}\;dx={\frac {r^{2n+7}}{2n+7}}-{\frac {2a^{2}r^{2n+5}}{2n+5}}+{\frac {a^{4}r^{2n+3}}{2n+3}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {r\;dx}{x}}=r-a\ln \left|{\frac {a+r}{x}}\right|=r-a\sinh ^{-1}{\frac {a}{x}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {r^{3}\;dx}{x}}={\frac {r^{3}}{3}}+a^{2}r-a^{3}\ln \left|{\frac {a+r}{x}}\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {r^{5}\;dx}{x}}={\frac {r^{5}}{5}}+{\frac {a^{2}r^{3}}{3}}+a^{4}r-a^{5}\ln \left|{\frac {a+r}{x}}\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {r^{7}\;dx}{x}}={\frac {r^{7}}{7}}+{\frac {a^{2}r^{5}}{5}}+{\frac {a^{4}r^{3}}{3}}+a^{6}r-a^{7}\ln \left|{\frac {a+r}{x}}\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{r}}=\sinh ^{-1}{\frac {x}{a}}=\ln \left|x+r\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{r^{3}}}={\frac {x}{a^{2}r}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x\,dx}{r}}=r}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x\,dx}{r^{3}}}=-{\frac {1}{r}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x^{2}\;dx}{r}}={\frac {x}{2}}r-{\frac {a^{2}}{2}}\,\sinh ^{-1}{\frac {x}{a}}={\frac {x}{2}}r-{\frac {a^{2}}{2}}\ln \left|x+r\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{xr}}=-{\frac {1}{a}}\,\sinh ^{-1}{\frac {a}{x}}=-{\frac {1}{a}}\ln \left|{\frac {a+r}{x}}\right|}$ Integrals involving s=x2a2{\displaystyle ={\sqrt {x^{2}-a^{2}}}} Assume ${\displaystyle (x^{2}>a^{2})}$, for ${\displaystyle (x^{2}<a^{2})}$, see next section: ${\displaystyle \int xs\;dx={\frac {1}{3}}s^{3}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {s\;dx}{x}}=s-a\cos ^{-1}\left|{\frac {a}{x}}\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{s}}=\int {\frac {dx}{\sqrt {x^{2}-a^{2}}}}=\ln \left|{\frac {x+s}{a}}\right|}$ Note that ${\displaystyle \ln \left|{\frac {x+s}{a}}\right|=\mathrm {sgn} (x)\cosh ^{-1}\left|{\frac {x}{a}}\right|={\frac {1}{2}}\ln \left({\frac {x+s}{x-s}}\right)}$, where the positive value of ${\displaystyle \cosh ^{-1}\left|{\frac {x}{a}}\right|}$ is to be taken. ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x\;dx}{s}}=s}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x\;dx}{s^{3}}}=-{\frac {1}{s}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x\;dx}{s^{5}}}=-{\frac {1}{3s^{3}}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x\;dx}{s^{7}}}=-{\frac {1}{5s^{5}}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x\;dx}{s^{2n+1}}}=-{\frac {1}{(2n-1)s^{2n-1}}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x^{2m}\;dx}{s^{2n+1}}}=-{\frac {1}{2n-1}}{\frac {x^{2m-1}}{s^{2n-1}}}+{\frac {2m-1}{2n-1}}\int {\frac {x^{2m-2}\;dx}{s^{2n-1}}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x^{2}\;dx}{s}}={\frac {xs}{2}}+{\frac {a^{2}}{2}}\ln \left|{\frac {x+s}{a}}\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x^{2}\;dx}{s^{3}}}=-{\frac {x}{s}}+\ln \left|{\frac {x+s}{a}}\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x^{4}\;dx}{s}}={\frac {x^{3}s}{4}}+{\frac {3}{8}}a^{2}xs+{\frac {3}{8}}a^{4}\ln \left|{\frac {x+s}{a}}\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x^{4}\;dx}{s^{3}}}={\frac {xs}{2}}-{\frac {a^{2}x}{s}}+{\frac {3}{2}}a^{2}\ln \left|{\frac {x+s}{a}}\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x^{4}\;dx}{s^{5}}}=-{\frac {x}{s}}-{\frac {1}{3}}{\frac {x^{3}}{s^{3}}}+\ln \left|{\frac {x+s}{a}}\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x^{2m}\;dx}{s^{2n+1}}}=(-1)^{n-m}{\frac {1}{a^{2(n-m)}}}\sum _{i=0}^{n-m-1}{\frac {1}{2(m+i)+1}}{n-m-1 \choose i}{\frac {x^{2(m+i)+1}}{s^{2(m+i)+1}}}\qquad {\mbox{(}}n>m\geq 0{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{s^{3}}}=-{\frac {1}{a^{2}}}{\frac {x}{s}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{s^{5}}}={\frac {1}{a^{4}}}\left[{\frac {x}{s}}-{\frac {1}{3}}{\frac {x^{3}}{s^{3}}}\right]}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{s^{7}}}=-{\frac {1}{a^{6}}}\left[{\frac {x}{s}}-{\frac {2}{3}}{\frac {x^{3}}{s^{3}}}+{\frac {1}{5}}{\frac {x^{5}}{s^{5}}}\right]}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{s^{9}}}={\frac {1}{a^{8}}}\left[{\frac {x}{s}}-{\frac {3}{3}}{\frac {x^{3}}{s^{3}}}+{\frac {3}{5}}{\frac {x^{5}}{s^{5}}}-{\frac {1}{7}}{\frac {x^{7}}{s^{7}}}\right]}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x^{2}\;dx}{s^{5}}}=-{\frac {1}{a^{2}}}{\frac {x^{3}}{3s^{3}}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x^{2}\;dx}{s^{7}}}={\frac {1}{a^{4}}}\left[{\frac {1}{3}}{\frac {x^{3}}{s^{3}}}-{\frac {1}{5}}{\frac {x^{5}}{s^{5}}}\right]}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x^{2}\;dx}{s^{9}}}=-{\frac {1}{a^{6}}}\left[{\frac {1}{3}}{\frac {x^{3}}{s^{3}}}-{\frac {2}{5}}{\frac {x^{5}}{s^{5}}}+{\frac {1}{7}}{\frac {x^{7}}{s^{7}}}\right]}$ Integrals involving t=a2x2{\displaystyle ={\sqrt {a^{2}-x^{2}}}} ${\displaystyle \int t\;dx={\frac {1}{2}}\left(xt+a^{2}\sin ^{-1}{\frac {x}{a}}\right)\qquad {\mbox{(}}|x|\leq |a|{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int xt\;dx=-{\frac {1}{3}}t^{3}\qquad {\mbox{(}}|x|\leq |a|{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {t\;dx}{x}}=t-a\ln \left|{\frac {a+t}{x}}\right|\qquad {\mbox{(}}|x|\leq |a|{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{t}}=\sin ^{-1}{\frac {x}{a}}\qquad {\mbox{(}}|x|\leq |a|{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x^{2}\;dx}{t}}=-{\frac {x}{2}}t+{\frac {a^{2}}{2}}\sin ^{-1}{\frac {x}{a}}\qquad {\mbox{(}}|x|\leq |a|{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int t\;dx={\frac {1}{2}}\left(xt-\operatorname {sgn} x\,\cosh ^{-1}\left|{\frac {x}{a}}\right|\right)\qquad {\mbox{(for }}|x|\geq |a|{\mbox{)}}}$ Integrals involving R=ax2+bx+c{\displaystyle ={\sqrt {ax^{2}+bx+c}}} ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\sqrt {ax^{2}+bx+c}}}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {a}}}\ln \left|2{\sqrt {a}}R+2ax+b\right|\qquad {\mbox{(for }}a>0{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\sqrt {ax^{2}+bx+c}}}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {a}}}\,\sinh ^{-1}{\frac {2ax+b}{\sqrt {4ac-b^{2}}}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}a>0{\mbox{, }}4ac-b^{2}>0{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\sqrt {ax^{2}+bx+c}}}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {a}}}\ln |2ax+b|\quad {\mbox{(for }}a>0{\mbox{, }}4ac-b^{2}=0{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\sqrt {ax^{2}+bx+c}}}=-{\frac {1}{\sqrt {-a}}}\arcsin {\frac {2ax+b}{\sqrt {b^{2}-4ac}}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}a<0{\mbox{, }}4ac-b^{2}<0{\mbox{, }}\left|2ax+b\right|<{\sqrt {b^{2}-4ac}}{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\sqrt {(ax^{2}+bx+c)^{3}}}}={\frac {4ax+2b}{(4ac-b^{2})R}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\sqrt {(ax^{2}+bx+c)^{5}}}}={\frac {4ax+2b}{3(4ac-b^{2})R}}\left({\frac {1}{R^{2}}}+{\frac {8a}{4ac-b^{2}}}\right)}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\sqrt {(ax^{2}+bx+c)^{2n+1}}}}={\frac {4ax+2b}{(2n-1)(4ac-b^{2})R^{(2n-1)/2}}}+{\frac {8a(n-1)}{(2n-1)(4ac-b^{2})}}\int {\frac {dx}{R^{(2n-1)/2}}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x\;dx}{\sqrt {ax^{2}+bx+c}}}={\frac {R}{a}}-{\frac {b}{2a}}\int {\frac {dx}{R}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x\;dx}{\sqrt {(ax^{2}+bx+c)^{3}}}}=-{\frac {2bx+4c}{(4ac-b^{2}){\sqrt {R}}}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x\;dx}{\sqrt {(ax^{2}+bx+c)^{2n+1}}}}=-{\frac {1}{(2n-1)aR^{(2n-1)/2}}}-{\frac {b}{2a}}\int {\frac {dx}{R^{(2n+1)/2}}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{x{\sqrt {ax^{2}+bx+c}}}}=-{\frac {1}{\sqrt {c}}}\ln \left({\frac {2{\sqrt {cR}}+bx+2c}{x}}\right)}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{x{\sqrt {ax^{2}+bx+c}}}}=-{\frac {1}{\sqrt {c}}}\sinh ^{-1}\left({\frac {bx+2c}{|x|{\sqrt {4ac-b^{2}}}}}\right)}$ Integrals involving S=ax+b{\displaystyle ={\sqrt {ax+b}}} ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{x{\sqrt {ax+b}}}}\,=\,{\frac {-2}{\sqrt {b}}}\tanh ^{-1}{\sqrt {\frac {ax+b}{b}}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\sqrt {ax+b}}{x}}\,dx\;=\;2\left({\sqrt {ax+b}}-{\sqrt {b}}\tanh ^{-1}{\sqrt {\frac {ax+b}{b}}}\right)}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x^{n}}{\sqrt {ax+b}}}\,dx\;=\;{\frac {2}{a(2n+1)}}\left(x^{n}{\sqrt {ax+b}}-bn\int {\frac {x^{n-1}}{\sqrt {ax+b}}}\,dx\right)}$ ${\displaystyle \int x^{n}{\sqrt {ax+b}}\,dx\;=\;{\frac {2}{2n+1}}\left(x^{n+1}{\sqrt {ax+b}}+bx^{n}{\sqrt {ax+b}}-nb\int x^{n-1}{\sqrt {ax+b}}\,dx\right)}$ Logarithms more integrals: en:List of integrals of logarithmic functions ${\displaystyle \int \ln {x}\,dx=x\ln {x}-x+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int \log _{b}{x}\,dx=x\log _{b}{x}-x\log _{b}{e}+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int \ln cx\;dx=x\ln cx-x}$ ${\displaystyle \int \ln(ax+b)\;dx=x\ln(ax+b)-x+{\frac {b}{a}}\ln(ax+b)}$ ${\displaystyle \int (\ln x)^{2}\;dx=x(\ln x)^{2}-2x\ln x+2x}$ ${\displaystyle \int (\ln cx)^{n}\;dx=x(\ln cx)^{n}-n\int (\ln cx)^{n-1}dx}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\ln x}}=\ln |\ln x|+\ln x+\sum _{i=2}^{\infty }{\frac {(\ln x)^{i}}{i\cdot i!}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{(\ln x)^{n}}}=-{\frac {x}{(n-1)(\ln x)^{n-1}}}+{\frac {1}{n-1}}\int {\frac {dx}{(\ln x)^{n-1}}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int x^{m}\ln x\;dx=x^{m+1}\left({\frac {\ln x}{m+1}}-{\frac {1}{(m+1)^{2}}}\right)\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m\neq -1{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int x^{m}(\ln x)^{n}\;dx={\frac {x^{m+1}(\ln x)^{n}}{m+1}}-{\frac {n}{m+1}}\int x^{m}(\ln x)^{n-1}dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m\neq -1{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {(\ln x)^{n}\;dx}{x}}={\frac {(\ln x)^{n+1}}{n+1}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq -1{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\ln x\,dx}{x^{m}}}=-{\frac {\ln x}{(m-1)x^{m-1}}}-{\frac {1}{(m-1)^{2}x^{m-1}}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m\neq 1{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {(\ln x)^{n}\;dx}{x^{m}}}=-{\frac {(\ln x)^{n}}{(m-1)x^{m-1}}}+{\frac {n}{m-1}}\int {\frac {(\ln x)^{n-1}dx}{x^{m}}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m\neq 1{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x^{m}\;dx}{(\ln x)^{n}}}=-{\frac {x^{m+1}}{(n-1)(\ln x)^{n-1}}}+{\frac {m+1}{n-1}}\int {\frac {x^{m}dx}{(\ln x)^{n-1}}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{x\ln x}}=\ln \left|\ln x\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{x^{n}\ln x}}=\ln \left|\ln x\right|+\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }(-1)^{i}{\frac {(n-1)^{i}(\ln x)^{i}}{i\cdot i!}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{x(\ln x)^{n}}}=-{\frac {1}{(n-1)(\ln x)^{n-1}}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int \ln(x^{2}+a^{2})\;dx=x\ln(x^{2}+a^{2})-2x+2a\tan ^{-1}{\frac {x}{a}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x}{x^{2}+a^{2}}}\ln(x^{2}+a^{2})\;dx={\frac {1}{4}}\ln ^{2}(x^{2}+a^{2})}$ ${\displaystyle \int \sin(\ln x)\;dx={\frac {x}{2}}(\sin(\ln x)-\cos(\ln x))}$ ${\displaystyle \int \cos(\ln x)\;dx={\frac {x}{2}}(\sin(\ln x)+\cos(\ln x))}$ ${\displaystyle \int e^{x}\left(x\ln x-x-{\frac {1}{x}}\right)\;dx=e^{x}(x\ln x-x-\ln x)}$ Exponential functions more integrals: en:List of integrals of exponential functions ${\displaystyle \int e^{x}\,dx=e^{x}+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int a^{x}\,dx={\frac {a^{x}}{\ln {a}}}+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int e^{cx}\;dx={\frac {1}{c}}e^{cx}}$ ${\displaystyle \int a^{cx}\;dx={\frac {1}{c\ln a}}a^{cx}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}a>0,{\mbox{ }}a\neq 1{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int xe^{cx}\;dx={\frac {e^{cx}}{c^{2}}}(cx-1)}$ ${\displaystyle \int x^{2}e^{cx}\;dx=e^{cx}\left({\frac {x^{2}}{c}}-{\frac {2x}{c^{2}}}+{\frac {2}{c^{3}}}\right)}$ ${\displaystyle \int x^{n}e^{cx}\;dx={\frac {1}{c}}x^{n}e^{cx}-{\frac {n}{c}}\int x^{n-1}e^{cx}dx}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {e^{cx}\;dx}{x}}=\ln |x|+\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(cx)^{i}}{i\cdot i!}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {e^{cx}\;dx}{x^{n}}}={\frac {1}{n-1}}\left(-{\frac {e^{cx}}{x^{n-1}}}+c\int {\frac {e^{cx}}{x^{n-1}}}\,dx\right)\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int e^{cx}\ln x\;dx={\frac {1}{c}}e^{cx}\ln |x|-\operatorname {Ei} \,(cx)}$ ${\displaystyle \int e^{cx}\sin bx\;dx={\frac {e^{cx}}{c^{2}+b^{2}}}(c\sin bx-b\cos bx)}$ ${\displaystyle \int e^{cx}\cos bx\;dx={\frac {e^{cx}}{c^{2}+b^{2}}}(c\cos bx+b\sin bx)}$ ${\displaystyle \int e^{cx}\sin ^{n}x\;dx={\frac {e^{cx}\sin ^{n-1}x}{c^{2}+n^{2}}}(c\sin x-n\cos x)+{\frac {n(n-1)}{c^{2}+n^{2}}}\int e^{cx}\sin ^{n-2}x\;dx}$ ${\displaystyle \int e^{cx}\cos ^{n}x\;dx={\frac {e^{cx}\cos ^{n-1}x}{c^{2}+n^{2}}}(c\cos x+n\sin x)+{\frac {n(n-1)}{c^{2}+n^{2}}}\int e^{cx}\cos ^{n-2}x\;dx}$ ${\displaystyle \int xe^{cx^{2}}\;dx={\frac {1}{2c}}\;e^{cx^{2}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {1 \over \sigma {\sqrt {2\pi }}}\,e^{-{(x-\mu )^{2}/2\sigma ^{2}}}\;dx={\frac {1}{2\sigma }}(1+{\mbox{erf}}\,{\frac {x-\mu }{\sigma {\sqrt {2}}}})}$ ${\displaystyle \int e^{x^{2}}\,dx=e^{x^{2}}\left(\sum _{j=0}^{n-1}c_{2j}\,{\frac {1}{x^{2j+1}}}\right)+(2n-1)c_{2n-2}\int {\frac {e^{x^{2}}}{x^{2n}}}\;dx\quad {\mbox{valid for }}n>0,}$ where ${\displaystyle c_{2j}={\frac {1\cdot 3\cdot 5\cdots (2j-1)}{2^{j+1}}}={\frac {(2j)\,!}{j!\,2^{2j+1}}}\ .}$ ${\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{-ax^{2}}\,dx={\sqrt {\pi \over a}}}$ (the Gaussian integral) ${\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{-ax^{2}}e^{bx}\,dx={\sqrt {\frac {\pi }{a}}}e^{\frac {b^{2}}{4a}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }xe^{-a(x-b)^{2}}\,dx=b{\sqrt {\pi \over a}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x^{2}e^{-ax^{2}}\,dx={\frac {1}{2}}{\sqrt {\pi \over a^{3}}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }x^{2n}e^{-{x^{2}}/{a^{2}}}\,dx={\sqrt {\pi }}{(2n)! \over {n!}}{\left({\frac {a}{2}}\right)}^{2n+1}}$ ${\displaystyle \int _{0}^{2\pi }e^{x\cos \theta }d\theta =2\pi I_{0}(x)}$ (${\displaystyle I_{0}}$ is the modified Bessel function of the first kind) ${\displaystyle \int _{0}^{2\pi }e^{x\cos \theta +y\sin \theta }d\theta =2\pi I_{0}\left({\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}\right)}$ ${\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }x^{a}e^{-bx}dx={\frac {a!}{b^{a+1}}}}$ Trigonometric functions more integrals: en:List of integrals of trigonometric functions and List of integrals of arc functions ${\displaystyle \int \sin {x}\,dx=-\cos {x}+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int \cos {x}\,dx=\sin {x}+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int \tan {x}\,dx=-\ln {\left|\cos {x}\right|}+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int \cot {x}\,dx=\ln {\left|\sin {x}\right|}+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int \sec {x}\,dx=\ln {\left|\sec {x}+\tan {x}\right|}+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int \csc {x}\,dx=-\ln {\left|\csc {x}+\cot {x}\right|}+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int \sec ^{2}x\,dx=\tan x+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int \csc ^{2}x\,dx=-\cot x+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int \sec {x}\,\tan {x}\,dx=\sec {x}+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int \csc {x}\,\cot {x}\,dx=-\csc {x}+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int \sin ^{2}x\,dx={\frac {1}{2}}(x-\sin x\cos x)+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int \cos ^{2}x\,dx={\frac {1}{2}}(x+\sin x\cos x)+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int \sin ^{n}x\,dx=-{\frac {\sin ^{n-1}{x}\cos {x}}{n}}+{\frac {n-1}{n}}\int \sin ^{n-2}{x}\,dx}$ ${\displaystyle \int \cos ^{n}x\,dx={\frac {\cos ^{n-1}{x}\sin {x}}{n}}+{\frac {n-1}{n}}\int \cos ^{n-2}{x}\,dx}$ ${\displaystyle \int \tan ^{-1}{x}\,dx=x\,\arctan {x}-{\frac {1}{2}}\ln {\left|1+x^{2}\right|}+C}$ The constant c is assumed to be nonzero. Integrals of trigonometric functions containing onlysin Where c is a constant: ${\displaystyle \int \sin cx\;dx=-{\frac {1}{c}}\cos cx\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int \sin ^{n}{cx}\;dx=-{\frac {\sin ^{n-1}cx\cos cx}{nc}}+{\frac {n-1}{n}}\int \sin ^{n-2}cx\;dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n>0{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int \sin ^{2}{cx}\;dx={\frac {x}{2}}-{\frac {1}{4c}}sin2cx\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\sqrt {1-\sin {x}}}\,dx=\int {\sqrt {\operatorname {cvs} {x}}}\,dx=2{\frac {\cos {\frac {x}{2}}+\sin {\frac {x}{2}}}{\cos {\frac {x}{2}}-\sin {\frac {x}{2}}}}{\sqrt {\operatorname {cvs} {x}}}=2{\sqrt {1+\sin {x}}}}$ where cvs{x} is the Coversine function ${\displaystyle \int x\sin cx\;dx={\frac {\sin cx}{c^{2}}}-{\frac {x\cos cx}{c}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int x^{n}\sin cx\;dx=-{\frac {x^{n}}{c}}\cos cx+{\frac {n}{c}}\int x^{n-1}\cos cx\;dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n>0{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int _{\frac {-a}{2}}^{\frac {a}{2}}x^{2}\sin ^{2}{\frac {n\pi x}{a}}\;dx={\frac {a^{3}(n^{2}\pi ^{2}-6)}{24n^{2}\pi ^{2}}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n=2,4,6...{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\sin cx}{x}}dx=\sum _{i=0}^{\infty }(-1)^{i}{\frac {(cx)^{2i+1}}{(2i+1)\cdot (2i+1)!}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\sin cx}{x^{n}}}dx=-{\frac {\sin cx}{(n-1)x^{n-1}}}+{\frac {c}{n-1}}\int {\frac {\cos cx}{x^{n-1}}}dx\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\sin cx}}={\frac {1}{c}}\ln \left|\tan {\frac {cx}{2}}\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\sin ^{n}cx}}={\frac {\cos cx}{c(1-n)\sin ^{n-1}cx}}+{\frac {n-2}{n-1}}\int {\frac {dx}{\sin ^{n-2}cx}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n>1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{1\pm \sin cx}}={\frac {1}{c}}\tan \left({\frac {cx}{2}}\mp {\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x\;dx}{1+\sin cx}}={\frac {x}{c}}\tan \left({\frac {cx}{2}}-{\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)+{\frac {2}{c^{2}}}\ln \left|\cos \left({\frac {cx}{2}}-{\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x\;dx}{1-\sin cx}}={\frac {x}{c}}\cot \left({\frac {\pi }{4}}-{\frac {cx}{2}}\right)+{\frac {2}{c^{2}}}\ln \left|\sin \left({\frac {\pi }{4}}-{\frac {cx}{2}}\right)\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\sin cx\;dx}{1\pm \sin cx}}=\pm x+{\frac {1}{c}}\tan \left({\frac {\pi }{4}}\mp {\frac {cx}{2}}\right)}$ ${\displaystyle \int \sin c_{1}x\sin c_{2}x\;dx={\frac {\sin(c_{1}-c_{2})x}{2(c_{1}-c_{2})}}-{\frac {\sin(c_{1}+c_{2})x}{2(c_{1}+c_{2})}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}|c_{1}|\neq |c_{2}|{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ Integrals of trigonometric functions containing onlycos ${\displaystyle \int \cos cx\;dx={\frac {1}{c}}\sin cx\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int \cos ^{n}cx\;dx={\frac {\cos ^{n-1}cx\sin cx}{nc}}+{\frac {n-1}{n}}\int \cos ^{n-2}cx\;dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n>0{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int x\cos cx\;dx={\frac {\cos cx}{c^{2}}}+{\frac {x\sin cx}{c}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int x^{n}\cos cx\;dx={\frac {x^{n}\sin cx}{c}}-{\frac {n}{c}}\int x^{n-1}\sin cx\;dx\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int _{\frac {-a}{2}}^{\frac {a}{2}}x^{2}\cos ^{2}{\frac {n\pi x}{a}}\;dx={\frac {a^{3}(n^{2}\pi ^{2}-6)}{24n^{2}\pi ^{2}}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n=1,3,5...{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\cos cx}{x}}dx=\ln |cx|+\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }(-1)^{i}{\frac {(cx)^{2i}}{2i\cdot (2i)!}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\cos cx}{x^{n}}}dx=-{\frac {\cos cx}{(n-1)x^{n-1}}}-{\frac {c}{n-1}}\int {\frac {\sin cx}{x^{n-1}}}dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\cos cx}}={\frac {1}{c}}\ln \left|\tan \left({\frac {cx}{2}}+{\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\cos ^{n}cx}}={\frac {\sin cx}{c(n-1)cos^{n-1}cx}}+{\frac {n-2}{n-1}}\int {\frac {dx}{\cos ^{n-2}cx}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n>1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{1+\cos cx}}={\frac {1}{c}}\tan {\frac {cx}{2}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{1-\cos cx}}=-{\frac {1}{c}}\cot {\frac {cx}{2}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x\;dx}{1+\cos cx}}={\frac {x}{c}}\tan {\frac {cx}{2}}+{\frac {2}{c^{2}}}\ln \left|\cos {\frac {cx}{2}}\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {x\;dx}{1-\cos cx}}=-{\frac {x}{c}}\cot {\frac {cx}{2}}+{\frac {2}{c^{2}}}\ln \left|\sin {\frac {cx}{2}}\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\cos cx\;dx}{1+\cos cx}}=x-{\frac {1}{c}}\tan {\frac {cx}{2}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\cos cx\;dx}{1-\cos cx}}=-x-{\frac {1}{c}}\cot {\frac {cx}{2}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int \cos c_{1}x\cos c_{2}x\;dx={\frac {\sin(c_{1}-c_{2})x}{2(c_{1}-c_{2})}}+{\frac {\sin(c_{1}+c_{2})x}{2(c_{1}+c_{2})}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}|c_{1}|\neq |c_{2}|{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ Integrals of trigonometric functions containing onlytan ${\displaystyle \int \tan cx\;dx=-{\frac {1}{c}}\ln |\cos cx|\,\!={\frac {1}{c}}\ln |\sec cx|\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\tan cx}}={\frac {1}{c}}\ln |\sin cx|\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int \tan ^{n}cx\;dx={\frac {1}{c(n-1)}}\tan ^{n-1}cx-\int \tan ^{n-2}cx\;dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\tan cx+1}}={\frac {x}{2}}+{\frac {1}{2c}}\ln |\sin cx+\cos cx|\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\tan cx-1}}=-{\frac {x}{2}}+{\frac {1}{2c}}\ln |\sin cx-\cos cx|\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\tan cx\;dx}{\tan cx+1}}={\frac {x}{2}}-{\frac {1}{2c}}\ln |\sin cx+\cos cx|\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\tan cx\;dx}{\tan cx-1}}={\frac {x}{2}}+{\frac {1}{2c}}\ln |\sin cx-\cos cx|\,\!}$ Integrals of trigonometric functions containing onlysec ${\displaystyle \int \sec {cx}\,dx={\frac {1}{c}}\ln {\left|\sec {cx}+\tan {cx}\right|}}$ ${\displaystyle \int \sec ^{n}{cx}\,dx={\frac {\sec ^{n-1}{cx}\sin {cx}}{c(n-1)}}\,+\,{\frac {n-2}{n-1}}\int \sec ^{n-2}{cx}\,dx\qquad {\mbox{ (for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\sec {x}+1}}=x-\tan {\frac {x}{2}}}$ Integrals of trigonometric functions containing onlycsc ${\displaystyle \int \csc {cx}\,dx=-{\frac {1}{c}}\ln {\left|\csc {cx}+\cot {cx}\right|}}$ ${\displaystyle \int \csc ^{n}{cx}\,dx=-{\frac {\csc ^{n-1}{cx}\cos {cx}}{c(n-1)}}\,+\,{\frac {n-2}{n-1}}\int \csc ^{n-2}{cx}\,dx\qquad {\mbox{ (for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ Integrals of trigonometric functions containing onlycot ${\displaystyle \int \cot cx\;dx={\frac {1}{c}}\ln |\sin cx|\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int \cot ^{n}cx\;dx=-{\frac {1}{c(n-1)}}\cot ^{n-1}cx-\int \cot ^{n-2}cx\;dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{1+\cot cx}}=\int {\frac {\tan cx\;dx}{\tan cx+1}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{1-\cot cx}}=\int {\frac {\tan cx\;dx}{\tan cx-1}}\,\!}$ Integrals of trigonometric functions containing bothsinandcos ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\cos cx\pm \sin cx}}={\frac {1}{c{\sqrt {2}}}}\ln \left|\tan \left({\frac {cx}{2}}\pm {\frac {\pi }{8}}\right)\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{(\cos cx\pm \sin cx)^{2}}}={\frac {1}{2c}}\tan \left(cx\mp {\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{(\cos x+\sin x)^{n}}}={\frac {1}{n-1}}\left({\frac {\sin x-\cos x}{(\cos x+\sin x)^{n-1}}}-2(n-2)\int {\frac {dx}{(\cos x+\sin x)^{n-2}}}\right)}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\cos cx\;dx}{\cos cx+\sin cx}}={\frac {x}{2}}+{\frac {1}{2c}}\ln \left|\sin cx+\cos cx\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\cos cx\;dx}{\cos cx-\sin cx}}={\frac {x}{2}}-{\frac {1}{2c}}\ln \left|\sin cx-\cos cx\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\sin cx\;dx}{\cos cx+\sin cx}}={\frac {x}{2}}-{\frac {1}{2c}}\ln \left|\sin cx+\cos cx\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\sin cx\;dx}{\cos cx-\sin cx}}=-{\frac {x}{2}}-{\frac {1}{2c}}\ln \left|\sin cx-\cos cx\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\cos cx\;dx}{\sin cx(1+\cos cx)}}=-{\frac {1}{4c}}\tan ^{2}{\frac {cx}{2}}+{\frac {1}{2c}}\ln \left|\tan {\frac {cx}{2}}\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\cos cx\;dx}{\sin cx(1+-\cos cx)}}=-{\frac {1}{4c}}\cot ^{2}{\frac {cx}{2}}-{\frac {1}{2c}}\ln \left|\tan {\frac {cx}{2}}\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\sin cx\;dx}{\cos cx(1+\sin cx)}}={\frac {1}{4c}}\cot ^{2}\left({\frac {cx}{2}}+{\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)+{\frac {1}{2c}}\ln \left|\tan \left({\frac {cx}{2}}+{\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\sin cx\;dx}{\cos cx(1-\sin cx)}}={\frac {1}{4c}}\tan ^{2}\left({\frac {cx}{2}}+{\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)-{\frac {1}{2c}}\ln \left|\tan \left({\frac {cx}{2}}+{\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int \sin cx\cos cx\;dx={\frac {1}{2c}}\sin ^{2}cx\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int \sin c_{1}x\cos c_{2}x\;dx=-{\frac {\cos(c_{1}+c_{2})x}{2(c_{1}+c_{2})}}-{\frac {\cos(c_{1}-c_{2})x}{2(c_{1}-c_{2})}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}|c_{1}|\neq |c_{2}|{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int \sin ^{n}cx\cos cx\;dx={\frac {1}{c(n+1)}}\sin ^{n+1}cx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int \sin cx\cos ^{n}cx\;dx=-{\frac {1}{c(n+1)}}\cos ^{n+1}cx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int \sin ^{n}cx\cos ^{m}cx\;dx=-{\frac {\sin ^{n-1}cx\cos ^{m+1}cx}{c(n+m)}}+{\frac {n-1}{n+m}}\int \sin ^{n-2}cx\cos ^{m}cx\;dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m,n>0{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ also: ${\displaystyle \int \sin ^{n}cx\cos ^{m}cx\;dx={\frac {\sin ^{n+1}cx\cos ^{m-1}cx}{c(n+m)}}+{\frac {m-1}{n+m}}\int \sin ^{n}cx\cos ^{m-2}cx\;dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m,n>0{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\sin cx\cos cx}}={\frac {1}{c}}\ln \left|\tan cx\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\sin cx\cos ^{n}cx}}={\frac {1}{c(n-1)\cos ^{n-1}cx}}+\int {\frac {dx}{\sin cx\cos ^{n-2}cx}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\sin ^{n}cx\cos cx}}=-{\frac {1}{c(n-1)\sin ^{n-1}cx}}+\int {\frac {dx}{\sin ^{n-2}cx\cos cx}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\sin cx\;dx}{\cos ^{n}cx}}={\frac {1}{c(n-1)\cos ^{n-1}cx}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\sin ^{2}cx\;dx}{\cos cx}}=-{\frac {1}{c}}\sin cx+{\frac {1}{c}}\ln \left|\tan \left({\frac {\pi }{4}}+{\frac {cx}{2}}\right)\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\sin ^{2}cx\;dx}{\cos ^{n}cx}}={\frac {\sin cx}{c(n-1)\cos ^{n-1}cx}}-{\frac {1}{n-1}}\int {\frac {dx}{\cos ^{n-2}cx}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\sin ^{n}cx\;dx}{\cos cx}}=-{\frac {\sin ^{n-1}cx}{c(n-1)}}+\int {\frac {\sin ^{n-2}cx\;dx}{\cos cx}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\sin ^{n}cx\;dx}{\cos ^{m}cx}}={\frac {\sin ^{n+1}cx}{c(m-1)\cos ^{m-1}cx}}-{\frac {n-m+2}{m-1}}\int {\frac {\sin ^{n}cx\;dx}{\cos ^{m-2}cx}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ also: ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\sin ^{n}cx\;dx}{\cos ^{m}cx}}=-{\frac {\sin ^{n-1}cx}{c(n-m)\cos ^{m-1}cx}}+{\frac {n-1}{n-m}}\int {\frac {\sin ^{n-2}cx\;dx}{\cos ^{m}cx}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m\neq n{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ also: ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\sin ^{n}cx\;dx}{\cos ^{m}cx}}={\frac {\sin ^{n-1}cx}{c(m-1)\cos ^{m-1}cx}}-{\frac {n-1}{n-1}}\int {\frac {\sin ^{n-1}cx\;dx}{\cos ^{m-2}cx}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\cos cx\;dx}{\sin ^{n}cx}}=-{\frac {1}{c(n-1)\sin ^{n-1}cx}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\cos ^{2}cx\;dx}{\sin cx}}={\frac {1}{c}}\left(\cos cx+\ln \left|\tan {\frac {cx}{2}}\right|\right)}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\cos ^{2}cx\;dx}{\sin ^{n}cx}}=-{\frac {1}{n-1}}\left({\frac {\cos cx}{c\sin ^{n-1}cx)}}+\int {\frac {dx}{\sin ^{n-2}cx}}\right)\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\cos ^{n}cx\;dx}{\sin ^{m}cx}}=-{\frac {\cos ^{n+1}cx}{c(m-1)\sin ^{m-1}cx}}-{\frac {n-m-2}{m-1}}\int {\frac {cos^{n}cx\;dx}{\sin ^{m-2}cx}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ also: ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\cos ^{n}cx\;dx}{\sin ^{m}cx}}={\frac {\cos ^{n-1}cx}{c(n-m)\sin ^{m-1}cx}}+{\frac {n-1}{n-m}}\int {\frac {cos^{n-2}cx\;dx}{\sin ^{m}cx}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m\neq n{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ also: ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\cos ^{n}cx\;dx}{\sin ^{m}cx}}=-{\frac {\cos ^{n-1}cx}{c(m-1)\sin ^{m-1}cx}}-{\frac {n-1}{m-1}}\int {\frac {cos^{n-2}cx\;dx}{\sin ^{m-2}cx}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ Integrals of trigonometric functions containing bothsinandtan ${\displaystyle \int \sin cx\tan cx\;dx={\frac {1}{c}}(\ln |\sec cx+\tan cx|-\sin cx)\,\!}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\tan ^{n}cx\;dx}{\sin ^{2}cx}}={\frac {1}{c(n-1)}}\tan ^{n-1}(cx)\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ Integrals of trigonometric functions containing bothcosandtan ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\tan ^{n}cx\;dx}{\cos ^{2}cx}}={\frac {1}{c(n+1)}}\tan ^{n+1}cx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq -1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ Integrals of trigonometric functions containing bothsinandcot ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\cot ^{n}cx\;dx}{\sin ^{2}cx}}={\frac {1}{c(n+1)}}\cot ^{n+1}cx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq -1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ Integrals of trigonometric functions containing bothcosandcot ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\cot ^{n}cx\;dx}{\cos ^{2}cx}}={\frac {1}{c(1-n)}}\tan ^{1-n}cx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ Integrals of trigonometric functions containing bothtanandcot ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\tan ^{m}(cx)}{\cot ^{n}(cx)}}\;dx={\frac {1}{c(m+n-1)}}\tan ^{m+n-1}(cx)-\int {\frac {\tan ^{m-2}(cx)}{\cot ^{n}(cx)}}\;dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m+n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}$ Integrals of trigonometric functions with symmetric limits ${\displaystyle \int _{-c}^{c}\sin {x}\;dx=0\!}$ List of integrals of inverse trigonometric functions ${\displaystyle \int \arcsin x\,dx=x\arcsin x+{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int \arccos x\,dx=x\arccos x-{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int \arctan x\,dx=x\arctan x-{\frac {1}{2}}\ln |1+x^{2}|}$ ${\displaystyle \int \operatorname {arccsc} x\,dx=x\operatorname {arccsc} x+\ln \left|x+x{\sqrt {{x^{2}-1} \over x^{2}}}\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int \operatorname {arcsec} x\,dx=x\operatorname {arcsec} x-\ln \left|x+x{\sqrt {{x^{2}-1} \over x^{2}}}\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int \operatorname {arccot} x\,dx=x\operatorname {arccot} x+{\frac {1}{2}}\ln |1+x^{2}|}$ Hyperbolic functions more integrals: en:List of integrals of hyperbolic functions ${\displaystyle \int \sinh x\,dx=\cosh x+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int \cosh x\,dx=\sinh x+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int \tanh x\,dx=\ln |\cosh x|+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\mbox{csch}}\,x\,dx=\ln \left|\tanh {x \over 2}\right|+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\mbox{sech}}\,x\,dx=\arctan(\sinh x)+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int \coth x\,dx=\ln |\sinh x|+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int \sinh cx\,dx={\frac {1}{c}}\cosh cx}$ ${\displaystyle \int \cosh cx\,dx={\frac {1}{c}}\sinh cx}$ ${\displaystyle \int \sinh ^{2}cx\,dx={\frac {1}{4c}}\sinh 2cx-{\frac {x}{2}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int \cosh ^{2}cx\,dx={\frac {1}{4c}}\sinh 2cx+{\frac {x}{2}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int \sinh ^{n}cx\,dx={\frac {1}{cn}}\sinh ^{n-1}cx\cosh cx-{\frac {n-1}{n}}\int \sinh ^{n-2}cx\,dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n>0{\mbox{)}}}$ also: ${\displaystyle \int \sinh ^{n}cx\,dx={\frac {1}{c(n+1)}}\sinh ^{n+1}cx\cosh cx-{\frac {n+2}{n+1}}\int \sinh ^{n+2}cx\,dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n<0{\mbox{, }}n\neq -1{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int \cosh ^{n}cx\,dx={\frac {1}{cn}}\sinh cx\cosh ^{n-1}cx+{\frac {n-1}{n}}\int \cosh ^{n-2}cx\,dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n>0{\mbox{)}}}$ also: ${\displaystyle \int \cosh ^{n}cx\,dx=-{\frac {1}{c(n+1)}}\sinh cx\cosh ^{n+1}cx-{\frac {n+2}{n+1}}\int \cosh ^{n+2}cx\,dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n<0{\mbox{, }}n\neq -1{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\sinh cx}}={\frac {1}{c}}\ln \left|\tanh {\frac {cx}{2}}\right|}$ also: ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\sinh cx}}={\frac {1}{c}}\ln \left|{\frac {\cosh cx-1}{\sinh cx}}\right|}$ also: ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\sinh cx}}={\frac {1}{c}}\ln \left|{\frac {\sinh cx}{\cosh cx+1}}\right|}$ also: ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\sinh cx}}={\frac {1}{c}}\ln \left|{\frac {\cosh cx-1}{\cosh cx+1}}\right|}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\cosh cx}}={\frac {2}{c}}\arctan e^{cx}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\sinh ^{n}cx}}={\frac {\cosh cx}{c(n-1)\sinh ^{n-1}cx}}-{\frac {n-2}{n-1}}\int {\frac {dx}{\sinh ^{n-2}cx}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {dx}{\cosh ^{n}cx}}={\frac {\sinh cx}{c(n-1)\cosh ^{n-1}cx}}+{\frac {n-2}{n-1}}\int {\frac {dx}{\cosh ^{n-2}cx}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\cosh ^{n}cx}{\sinh ^{m}cx}}dx={\frac {\cosh ^{n-1}cx}{c(n-m)\sinh ^{m-1}cx}}+{\frac {n-1}{n-m}}\int {\frac {\cosh ^{n-2}cx}{\sinh ^{m}cx}}dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m\neq n{\mbox{)}}}$ also: ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\cosh ^{n}cx}{\sinh ^{m}cx}}dx=-{\frac {\cosh ^{n+1}cx}{c(m-1)\sinh ^{m-1}cx}}+{\frac {n-m+2}{m-1}}\int {\frac {\cosh ^{n}cx}{\sinh ^{m-2}cx}}dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m\neq 1{\mbox{)}}}$ also: ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\cosh ^{n}cx}{\sinh ^{m}cx}}dx=-{\frac {\cosh ^{n-1}cx}{c(m-1)\sinh ^{m-1}cx}}+{\frac {n-1}{m-1}}\int {\frac {\cosh ^{n-2}cx}{\sinh ^{m-2}cx}}dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m\neq 1{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\sinh ^{m}cx}{\cosh ^{n}cx}}dx={\frac {\sinh ^{m-1}cx}{c(m-n)\cosh ^{n-1}cx}}+{\frac {m-1}{m-n}}\int {\frac {\sinh ^{m-2}cx}{\cosh ^{n}cx}}dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m\neq n{\mbox{)}}}$ also: ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\sinh ^{m}cx}{\cosh ^{n}cx}}dx={\frac {\sinh ^{m+1}cx}{c(n-1)\cosh ^{n-1}cx}}+{\frac {m-n+2}{n-1}}\int {\frac {\sinh ^{m}cx}{\cosh ^{n-2}cx}}dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}}$ also: ${\displaystyle \int {\frac {\sinh ^{m}cx}{\cosh ^{n}cx}}dx=-{\frac {\sinh ^{m-1}cx}{c(n-1)\cosh ^{n-1}cx}}+{\frac {m-1}{n-1}}\int {\frac {\sinh ^{m-2}cx}{\cosh ^{n-2}cx}}dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int x\sinh cx\,dx={\frac {1}{c}}x\cosh cx-{\frac {1}{c^{2}}}\sinh cx}$ ${\displaystyle \int x\cosh cx\,dx={\frac {1}{c}}x\sinh cx-{\frac {1}{c^{2}}}\cosh cx}$ ${\displaystyle \int \tanh cx\,dx={\frac {1}{c}}\ln |\cosh cx|}$ ${\displaystyle \int \coth cx\,dx={\frac {1}{c}}\ln |\sinh cx|}$ ${\displaystyle \int \tanh ^{n}cx\,dx=-{\frac {1}{c(n-1)}}\tanh ^{n-1}cx+\int \tanh ^{n-2}cx\,dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int \coth ^{n}cx\,dx=-{\frac {1}{c(n-1)}}\coth ^{n-1}cx+\int \coth ^{n-2}cx\,dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int \sinh bx\sinh cx\,dx={\frac {1}{b^{2}-c^{2}}}(b\sinh cx\cosh bx-c\cosh cx\sinh bx)\qquad {\mbox{(for }}b^{2}\neq c^{2}{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int \cosh bx\cosh cx\,dx={\frac {1}{b^{2}-c^{2}}}(b\sinh bx\cosh cx-c\sinh cx\cosh bx)\qquad {\mbox{(for }}b^{2}\neq c^{2}{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int \cosh bx\sinh cx\,dx={\frac {1}{b^{2}-c^{2}}}(b\sinh bx\sinh cx-c\cosh bx\cosh cx)\qquad {\mbox{(for }}b^{2}\neq c^{2}{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int \sinh(ax+b)\sin(cx+d)\,dx={\frac {a}{a^{2}+c^{2}}}\cosh(ax+b)\sin(cx+d)-{\frac {c}{a^{2}+c^{2}}}\sinh(ax+b)\cos(cx+d)}$ ${\displaystyle \int \sinh(ax+b)\cos(cx+d)\,dx={\frac {a}{a^{2}+c^{2}}}\cosh(ax+b)\cos(cx+d)+{\frac {c}{a^{2}+c^{2}}}\sinh(ax+b)\sin(cx+d)}$ ${\displaystyle \int \cosh(ax+b)\sin(cx+d)\,dx={\frac {a}{a^{2}+c^{2}}}\sinh(ax+b)\sin(cx+d)-{\frac {c}{a^{2}+c^{2}}}\cosh(ax+b)\cos(cx+d)}$ ${\displaystyle \int \cosh(ax+b)\cos(cx+d)\,dx={\frac {a}{a^{2}+c^{2}}}\sinh(ax+b)\cos(cx+d)+{\frac {c}{a^{2}+c^{2}}}\cosh(ax+b)\sin(cx+d)}$ Inverse hyperbolic functions ${\displaystyle \int \sinh ^{-1}x\,dx=x\sinh ^{-1}x-{\sqrt {x^{2}+1}}+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int \cosh ^{-1}x\,dx=x\cosh ^{-1}x+{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int \tanh ^{-1}x\,dx=x\tanh ^{-1}x+{\frac {1}{2}}\log {(1-x^{2})}+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\mbox{csch}}^{-1}\,x\,dx=x{\mbox{csch}}^{-1}\ x+\log {\left[x\left({\sqrt {1+{\frac {1}{x^{2}}}}}+1\right)\right]}+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int {\mbox{sech}}^{-1}\,x\,dx=x{\mbox{sech}}^{-1}\ x-\tan ^{-1}{\left({\frac {x}{x-1}}{\sqrt {\frac {1-x}{1+x}}}\right)}+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int \coth ^{-1}x\,dx=x\coth ^{-1}x+{\frac {1}{2}}\log {(x^{2}-1)}+C}$ ${\displaystyle \int \mathrm {arsinh} \,{\frac {x}{c}}\,dx=x\,\mathrm {arsinh} \,{\frac {x}{c}}-{\sqrt {x^{2}+c^{2}}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int \mathrm {arcosh} \,{\frac {x}{c}}\,dx=x\,\mathrm {arcosh} \,{\frac {x}{c}}-{\sqrt {x^{2}-c^{2}}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int \mathrm {artanh} \,{\frac {x}{c}}\,dx=x\,\mathrm {artanh} \,{\frac {x}{c}}+{\frac {c}{2}}\ln |c^{2}-x^{2}|\qquad {\mbox{(for }}|x|<|c|{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int \mathrm {arcoth} \,{\frac {x}{c}}\,dx=x\,\mathrm {arcoth} \,{\frac {x}{c}}+{\frac {c}{2}}\ln |x^{2}-c^{2}|\qquad {\mbox{(for }}|x|>|c|{\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int \mathrm {arsech} \,{\frac {x}{c}}\,dx=x\,\mathrm {arsech} \,{\frac {x}{c}}-c\,\mathrm {arctan} \,{\frac {x\,{\sqrt {\frac {c-x}{c+x}}}}{x-c}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}x\in (0,\,c){\mbox{)}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int \mathrm {arcsch} \,{\frac {x}{c}}\,dx=x\,\mathrm {arcsch} \,{\frac {x}{c}}+c\,\ln \,{\frac {x+{\sqrt {x^{2}+c^{2}}}}{c}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}x\in (0,\,c){\mbox{)}}}$ Definite integrals lacking closed-form antiderivatives There are some functions whose antiderivatives cannot be expressed in closed form. However, the values of the definite integrals of some of these functions over some common intervals can be calculated. A few useful integrals are given below. ${\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }{{\sqrt {x}}\,e^{-x}\,dx}={\frac {1}{2}}{\sqrt {\pi }}}$ (see also Gamma function) ${\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }{e^{-x^{2}}\,dx}={\frac {1}{2}}{\sqrt {\pi }}}$ (the Gaussian integral) ${\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }{{\frac {x}{e^{x}-1}}\,dx}={\frac {\pi ^{2}}{6}}}$ (see also Bernoulli number) ${\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }{{\frac {x^{3}}{e^{x}-1}}\,dx}={\frac {\pi ^{4}}{15}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin(x)}{x}}\,dx={\frac {\pi }{2}}}$ ${\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }x^{z-1}\,e^{-x}\,dx=\Gamma (z)}$ (where ${\displaystyle \Gamma (z)}$ is the Gamma function) ${\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{-(ax^{2}+bx+c)}\,dx={\sqrt {\frac {\pi }{a}}}\exp \left[{\frac {b^{2}-4ac}{4a}}\right]}$ (where ${\displaystyle \exp[u]}$ is the exponential function ${\displaystyle e^{u}}$.) ${\displaystyle \int _{0}^{2\pi }e^{x\cos \theta }d\theta =2\pi I_{0}(x)}$ (where ${\displaystyle I_{0}(x)}$ is the modified Bessel function of the first kind) ${\displaystyle \int _{0}^{2\pi }e^{x\cos \theta +y\sin \theta }d\theta =2\pi I_{0}{\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}}$ The method of exhaustion provides a formula for the general case when no antiderivative exists: ${\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}{f(x)dx}=(b-a)\sum \limits _{n=1}^{\infty }{\sum \limits _{m=1}^{2^{n}-1}{\left({-1}\right)^{m+1}}}2^{-n}f(a+m\left({b-a}\right)2^{-n})}$