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Чараны (IAST: Craa; санскритской: ; гуджарати: ) — каста в Южной Азии, изначально проживающая в штатах Раджастхан и Гуджарат в Индии, а также в провинциях Синд и Белуджистан в Пакистане. Исторически Чараны были поэтами и литераторами, а также воинами и ягирдарами. Они специализировались на самых разных занятиях: литераторы, воины и торговцы. Чараны закрепились в средневековых королевствах раджпутов в качестве министров, посредников, администраторов, советников и солдат. Положение Кавираджи (государственного поэта и историка) в королевских дворах обычно оставалось за чаранами. Чаранские поэты внесли большой вклад в литературу раджастхани, гуджарати и синдхи.[1] Принадлежавшие к этой касте индусы исторически получили известность за смелость, проявленную в войне, верность своим начальникам, а также за литературный талант[2]. К касте Чаранов относилась известная святая индуизма Карни Мата (14-16 вв.)
В текстах древней санскритской литературы Чараны изображаются распевающими гимны, восхваляющие богов, и священниками, поклоняющимися храмовым иконам.[3][4]
Исторически воспринимавшееся как связанное с божественным происхождением, святость Чаранов была следствием их неприкосновенности; причинение вреда кому считалось грехом, сравнимым с брахмахатьей.[5][6] Благодаря институционализированной и религиозно санкционированной защите, которой они пользовались, они могли бесстрашно критиковать и увещевать королей и их действия,[7][8] выступать в качестве примиритель в политических спорах между правителями[6] и служить защитниками коммерческой деятельности во всех охваченных конфликтами регионах западной Индии.[9][10]
См. также
Примечания
- * Palriwala, Rajni (1993). Economics and Patriliny: Consumption and Authority within the Household. Social Scientist. 21 (9/11): 47–73. doi:10.2307/3520426. ISSN 0970-0293. JSTOR 3520426.
In Rajasthan, they were bards and 'literateurs', but also warriors and jagirdars, holders of land and power over men; the dependents of Rajputs, their equals and their teachers. On my initial visit and subsequently, I was assured of this fact vis-a-vis Panchwas and introduced to the thakurs, who in life-style, the practice of female seclusion, and various reference points they alluded to appeared as Rajputs. While other villagers insisted that Rajputs and Charans were all the same to them, the Charans, were not trying to pass themselves off as Rajputs, but indicating that they were as good as Rajputs if not ritually superior....most of the ex-landlord households, the Charans and one Pathan, remained in the middle and upper ranks of village society {{cite journal}}: Википедия:Обслуживание CS1 (url-status) (ссылка)
- Marcus, George E. Elites, Ethnographic Issues : [англ.]. — University of New Mexico Press, 1983. — P. 219. — «Charans were court poets and historians, "bards"...Prominent Charan (caste of bards) dewans or senior court servants included Kaviraj (court poet) Shyamaldas at Udaipur and Kaviraj Murardan at Jodhpur.». — ISBN 978-0-8263-0658-6.
- Shah, P. R. Raj Marwar During British Paramountcy: A Study in Problems and Policies Up to 1923 :
- Gupta, Saurabh. Politics of Water Conservation: Delivering Development in Rural Rajasthan, India :
- Matheson, Sylvia A. Rajasthan, Land of Kings :
- Hastings, James M. Poets, Sants, and Warriors: The Dadu Panth, Religious Change and Identity Formation in Jaipur State Circa 1562-1860 Ce :
- Jain, Pratibha. Honour, Status & Polity :
- Vinay, Srivastava. Methodology and Fieldwork :
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- Goswami, Sambodh. Female Infanticide and Child Marriage :
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- Hastings, James M. Poets, Sants, and Warriors: The Dadu Panth, Religious Change and Identity Formation in Jaipur State Circa 1562-1860 Ce :
- 1 2 Kapadia, Aparna. Gujarat: The Long Fifteenth Century and the Making of a Region :
- Bulletin on Narcotics :
- Jain, Pratibha. Honour, Status & Polity : [англ.] / Pratibha Jain, Sagt arm. — Rawat Publications, 2004. — «"At times , they used their immunity to criticize and censure their patrons whenever they deviated from the path of rectitude. Their satirical verses known as Chhand Bhujang or 'serpentine stanza' acted as checks on wanton behaviour of the rulers." "Some historians have categorized the Charans with the Brahmins in the social hierarchy and in terms of their proximity and utility to Rajput political culture even placed them at a higher pedestal than that of the Brahmins."». — ISBN 978-81-7033-859-8.
- Basu, Helene (2005). Practices of Praise and Social Constructions of Identity: The Bards of North-West India. Archives de sciences sociales des religions. 50 (130): 81–105. doi:10.4000/assr.2795. ISSN 0335-5985. JSTOR 30116669. S2CID 145362328.
No contract between kings after a war, or between patrons and clients agreeing the terms whereby services be rendered, nor any other contract was considered valid without a Chran guaranteeing on his own and/or the life of his family that the terms agreed upon would be fulfilled. They provided the same service for merchants and traders on their long treks through the desert up north, when they accompanied caravans for their protection against plundering bandits. {{cite journal}}: Википедия:Обслуживание CS1 (url-status) (ссылка)
- rivastava, Vijai Shankar. Cultural Contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash Felicitation Volume : [англ.]. — Abhinav Publications, 1981. — «There was, however, a very novel and extremely intriguing device which the Chrans of Rajasthan and Western India used to employ for the security of merchandise in transit. The guardians of the merchandise were almost invariably Chras, and the most desperate outlaw seldom dared commit any outrage on caravans under the safeguard of these men.». — ISBN 978-0-391-02358-1.
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